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Proof of Stake (PoS) is a burgeoning Sybil resistance mechanism that aims to have a digital asset ("token") serve as security collateral in crypto networks. However, PoS has so far eluded a comprehensive threat model that encompasses both…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-02-05 Tarun Chitra

Blockchain consensus is a state whereby each node in a network agrees on the current state of the blockchain. Existing protocols achieve consensus via a contest or voting procedure to select one node as a dictator to propose new blocks.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2022-06-22 Joshua S. Gans , Richard Holden

In the white book of Bitcion, Satoshi Nakamoto described a bitcoin system that can realize point-to-point online payment without a third-party organization. After supporting this magical application scenario and subverting the traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Shi Yan

Quantum blockchains provide inherent resilience against quantum adversaries and represent a promising alternative to classical blockchain systems in the quantum era. However, existing quantum blockchain architectures largely depend on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Chong-Qiang Ye , Heng-Ji Li , Jian Li , Xiao-Yu Chen

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is a prominent Sybil control mechanism for blockchain-based systems. In "e-PoS: Making PoS Decentralized and Fair," Saad et al. (TPDS'21) introduced a new Proof-of-Stake protocol, e-PoS, to enhance PoS applications'…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Suhyeon Lee , Seungjoo Kim

The blockchain data structure maintained via the longest-chain rule---popularized by Bitcoin---is a powerful algorithmic tool for consensus algorithms. Such algorithms achieve consistency for blocks in the chain as a function of their depth…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Erica Blum , Aggelos Kiayias , Cristopher Moore , Saad Quader , Alexander Russell

We study decentralized cryptocurrency protocols in which the participants do not deplete physical scarce resources. Such protocols commonly rely on Proof of Stake, i.e., on mechanisms that extend voting power to the stakeholders of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-01-12 Iddo Bentov , Ariel Gabizon , Alex Mizrahi

Though voting-based consensus algorithms in Blockchain outperform proof-based ones in energy- and transaction-efficiency, they are prone to incur wrong elections and bribery elections. The former originates from the uncertainties of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Shengling Wang , Xidi Qu , Qin Hu , Weifeng Lv

Blockchain is a type of decentralized distributed network which acts as an immutable digital ledger. Despite the absence of any central governing authority to validate the blocks in the ledger, it is considered secure and immutable due to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Shashank Joshi

Decentralized systems built around blockchain technology promise clients an immutable ledger. They add a transaction to the ledger after it undergoes consensus among the replicas that run a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) or Byzantine Fault-Tolerant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Junchao Chen , Suyash Gupta , Alberto Sonnino , Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias , Mohammad Sadoghi

Blockchain technology enables secure, transparent data management in decentralized systems, supporting applications from cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to tokenizing real-world assets like property. Its scalability and sustainability hinge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Zan-Kai Chong , Hiroyuki Ohsaki , Bryan Ng

Recently, two attacks were presented against Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Ethereum: one where short-range reorganizations of the underlying consensus chain are used to increase individual validators' profits and delay consensus decisions, and one…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Caspar Schwarz-Schilling , Joachim Neu , Barnabé Monnot , Aditya Asgaonkar , Ertem Nusret Tas , David Tse

Blockchain technology and related frameworks have recently received extensive attention. Blockchain systems use multi-party consensus protocols to reach agreements on transactions. Hyperledger Fabric framework exposes a multi-party…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Ivan Fedotov , Anton Khritankov , Artem Barger

Blockchain consensus mechanisms have relied on algorithms such as Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) to ensure network functionality and integrity. However, these approaches struggle with adaptability for decision-making where the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Apurba Pokharel , Ram Dantu , Shakila Zaman , Vinh Quach , Sirisha Talapuru

The core of a blockchain network is its consensus algorithm. Starting with the Proof-of-Work, there have been various versions of consensus algorithms, such as Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Proof-of-Authority (PoA), and Practical Byzantine Fault…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Tariqul Islam , Faisal Haque Bappy , Tarannum Shaila Zaman , Md Sajidul Islam Sajid , Mir Mehedi Ahsan Pritom

This paper centers around a simple yet crucial question for everyday users: How should one choose their delegated validators within proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols, particularly in the context of Ethereum 2.0? This has been a long-overlooked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Yuzhe Zhang , Qin Wang , Shiping Chen , Chen Wang

We study long-term equilibria that arise in the token monetary policy, or tokenomics, design of proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain systems that engage utility maximizing users and validators. Validators are system maintainers who get rewarded…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Aggelos Kiayias , Philip Lazos , Paolo Penna

In a blockchain system, consensus protocol as an incentive and security mechanism, is to ensure the participants to build the block honestly and effectively. There are different consensus protocols for blockchain, like Proof of work (PoW),…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-25 Zhongli Dong , Young Choon Lee , Albert Y. Zomaya

Blockchain is a novel technology that is rising a lot of interest in the industrial and re- search sectors because its properties of decentralisation, immutability and data integrity. Initially, the underlying consensus mechanism has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Stefano De Angelis

The Proof of Efficient Liquidity (PoEL) protocol, designed for specialised Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus-based blockchains that incorporate intrinsic DeFi applications, aims to support sustainable liquidity bootstrapping and network…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-02-19 Arman Abgaryan , Utkarsh Sharma , Joshua Tobkin