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This work proposes a novel model-free Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent that is able to learn how to complete an unknown task having access to only a part of the input observation. We take inspiration from the concepts of visual attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Gonçalo Querido , Alberto Sardinha , Francisco S. Melo

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being deployed as autonomous agents on behalf of institutions and individuals in economic, political, and social settings that involve negotiation. Yet this trend carries significant risks if…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Manuel S. Ríos , Ruben F. Manrique , Nicanor Quijano , Luis F. Giraldo

In many settings where multiple agents interact, the optimal choices for each agent depend heavily on the choices of the others. These coupled interactions are well-described by a general-sum differential game, in which players have…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-05-07 Lasse Peters , David Fridovich-Keil , Claire J. Tomlin , Zachary N. Sunberg

We introduce the LLM-Nash framework, a game-theoretic model where agents select reasoning prompts to guide decision-making via Large Language Models (LLMs). Unlike classical games that assume utility-maximizing agents with full rationality,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Quanyan Zhu

The remarkable success of the Adam in training neural networks has naturally led to the widespread use of its descent-ascent counterpart, Adam-DA, for solving zero-sum games. Despite its popularity in practice, a rigorous theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yi Feng , Weiming Ou , Xiao Wang

Agents built with large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential across a wide range of domains. However, in complex decision-making tasks, pure LLM-based agents tend to exhibit intrinsic bias in their choice of actions, which is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Zelai Xu , Chao Yu , Fei Fang , Yu Wang , Yi Wu

In this work we create agents that can perform well beyond a single, individual task, that exhibit much wider generalisation of behaviour to a massive, rich space of challenges. We define a universe of tasks within an environment domain and…

The aim of this paper is to present the principles and results about case-based reasoning adapted to real- time interactive simulations, more precisely concerning retrieval mechanisms. The article begins by introducing the constraints…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-07-19 Pierre De Loor , Romain Bénard , Chevaillier Pierre

Overcoming the impact of selfish behavior of rational players in multiagent systems is a fundamental problem in game theory. Without any intervention from a central agent, strategic users take actions in order to maximize their personal…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Maria-Florina Balcan , Matteo Pozzi , Dravyansh Sharma

Although Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are effective in well-defined environments, they often struggle to generalize their learned policies to dynamic settings due to their reliance on trial-and-error interactions. Recent work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Zhihao Dou , Dongfei Cui , Jun Yan , Weida Wang , Benteng Chen , Haoming Wang , Zeke Xie , Shufei Zhang

Policy gradient methods have become a staple of any single-agent reinforcement learning toolbox, due to their combination of desirable properties: iterate convergence, efficient use of stochastic trajectory feedback, and theoretically-sound…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Mingyang Liu , Gabriele Farina , Asuman Ozdaglar

Within the domain of Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) economy research, Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) has emerged as a robust tool for analyzing game economics, evolving from rule-based agents to decision-making agents enhanced by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Bihan Xu , Shiwei Zhao , Runze Wu , Zhenya Huang , Jiawei Wang , Zhipeng Hu , Kai Wang , Haoyu Liu , Tangjie Lv , Le Li , Changjie Fan , Xin Tong , Jiangze Han

Despite recent advancements in AI and NLP, negotiation remains a difficult domain for AI agents. Traditional game theoretic approaches that have worked well for two-player zero-sum games struggle in the context of negotiation due to their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Ryan Shea , Zhou Yu

Autonomous and learning systems based on Deep Reinforcement Learning have firmly established themselves as a foundation for approaches to creating resilient and efficient Cyber-Physical Energy Systems. However, most current approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Eric MSP Veith , Torben Logemann , Aleksandr Berezin , Arlena Wellßow , Stephan Balduin

Understanding how agents coordinate or compete from limited behavioral data is central to modeling strategic interactions in traffic, robotics, and other multi-agent systems. In this work, we investigate the following complementary…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Daniela Aguirre Salazar , Firas Moatemri , Tatiana Tatarenko

Multi-agent games in dynamic nonlinear settings are challenging due to the time-varying interactions among the agents and the non-stationarity of the (potential) Nash equilibria. In this paper we consider model-free games, where agent…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Eduardo Sebastián , Maitrayee Keskar , Eeman Iqbal , Eduardo Montijano , Carlos Sagüés , Nikolay Atanasov

Diplomacy is a complex multiplayer game that requires both cooperation and competition, posing significant challenges for AI systems. Traditional methods rely on equilibrium search to generate extensive game data for training, which demands…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Kaixuan Xu , Jiajun Chai , Sicheng Li , Yuqian Fu , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao

Optimization of parameterized policies for reinforcement learning (RL) is an important and challenging problem in artificial intelligence. Among the most common approaches are algorithms based on gradient ascent of a score function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Sriram Srinivasan , Marc Lanctot , Vinicius Zambaldi , Julien Perolat , Karl Tuyls , Remi Munos , Michael Bowling

In this paper I present several algorithmic techniques for improving the decision process of multiple types of agents behaving in environments where their interests are in conflict. The interactions between the agents are modelled by using…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-08-04 Mugurel Ionut Andreica

A wide range of real-world applications is characterized by their symbolic nature, necessitating a strong capability for symbolic reasoning. This paper investigates the potential application of Large Language Models (LLMs) as symbolic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Meng Fang , Shilong Deng , Yudi Zhang , Zijing Shi , Ling Chen , Mykola Pechenizkiy , Jun Wang
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