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Cross-validation plays a fundamental role in Machine Learning, enabling robust evaluation of model performance and preventing overestimation on training and validation data. However, one of its drawbacks is the potential to create data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Afonso Martini Spezia , Thomas Fontanari , Mariana Recamonde-Mendoza

Incomplete multi-view clustering becomes an important research problem, since multi-view data with missing values are ubiquitous in real-world applications. Although great efforts have been made for incomplete multi-view clustering, there…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Guoqing Chao , Yi Jiang , Dianhui Chu

Human beings learn and accumulate hierarchical knowledge over their lifetime. This knowledge is associated with previous concepts for consolidation and hierarchical construction. However, current incremental learning methods lack the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Kai Wang , Xialei Liu , Luis Herranz , Joost van de Weijer

Determining the appropriate number of clusters in unsupervised learning is a central problem in statistics and data science. Traditional validity indices such as Calinski-Harabasz, Silhouette, and Davies-Bouldin-depend on centroid-based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-17 Mohammed Baragilly , Hend Gabr

In unsupervised machine learning, agreement between partitions is commonly assessed with so-called external validity indices. Researchers tend to use and report indices that quantify agreement between two partitions for all clusters…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-08 Matthijs J. Warrens , Hanneke van der Hoef

Data clustering involves identifying latent similarities within a dataset and organizing them into clusters or groups. The outcomes of various clustering algorithms differ as they are susceptible to the intrinsic characteristics of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Bryar A. Hassan , Noor Bahjat Tayfor , Alla A. Hassan , Aram M. Ahmed , Tarik A. Rashid , Naz N. Abdalla

Deep clustering, a method for partitioning complex, high-dimensional data using deep neural networks, presents unique evaluation challenges. Traditional clustering validation measures, designed for low-dimensional spaces, are problematic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-25 Zeya Wang , Chenglong Ye

With the inclusion of smart meters, electricity load consumption data can be fetched for individual consumer buildings at high temporal resolutions. Availability of such data has made it possible to study daily load demand profiles of the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Mayank Jain , Mukta Jain , Tarek AlSkaif , Soumyabrata Dev

Confusion matrices and derived metrics provide a comprehensive framework for the evaluation of model performance in machine learning. These are well-known and extensively employed in the supervised learning domain, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Pablo Andretta Jaskowiak , Ivan Gesteira Costa

In this paper, we investigate the challenges of complementary-label learning (CLL), a specialized form of weakly-supervised learning (WSL) where models are trained with labels indicating classes to which instances do not belong, rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Tan-Ha Mai , Hsuan-Tien Lin

The optimal number of clusters is one of the main concerns when applying cluster analysis. Several cluster validity indexes have been introduced to address this problem. However, in some situations, there is more than one option that can be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-24 Nathakhun Wiroonsri , Onthada Preedasawakul

In comparing clustering partitions, Rand index (RI) and Adjusted Rand index (ARI) are commonly used for measuring the agreement between the partitions. Both these external validation indexes aim to analyze how close is a cluster to a…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-03-17 Sonia Amodio , Antonio D'Ambrosio , Carmela Iorio , Roberta Siciliano

A vast number of different methods are available for unsupervised classification. Since no algorithm and parameter setting performs best in all types of data, there is a need for cluster validation to select the actually best-performing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Zoltán Botta-Dukát

The VAT method is a visual technique for determining the potential cluster structure and the possible number of clusters in numerical data. Its improved version, iVAT, uses a path-based distance transform to improve the effectiveness of VAT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Punit Rathore , James C. Bezdek , Paolo Santi , Carlo Ratti

Cluster validity indexes are very important tools designed for two purposes: comparing the performance of clustering algorithms and determining the number of clusters that best fits the data. These indexes are in general constructed by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-24 Ahmed Ben Said , Rachid Hadjidj , Sebti Foufou

Cross-validation (CV) is one of the main tools for performance estimation and parameter tuning in machine learning. The general recipe for computing CV estimate is to run a learning algorithm separately for each CV fold, a computationally…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-07-02 Pooria Joulani , András György , Csaba Szepesvári

This paper introduces a unified approach to cluster refinement and anomaly detection in datasets. We propose a novel algorithm that iteratively reduces the intra-cluster variance of N clusters until a global minimum is reached, yielding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Vardhan Shorewala , Shivam Shorewala

It is crucial to evaluate the quality and determine the optimal number of clusters in cluster analysis. In this paper, the multi-granularity characterization of the data set is carried out to obtain the hyper-balls. The cluster internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Jiang Xie , Pengfei Zhao , Shuyin Xia , Guoyin Wang , Dongdong Cheng

Formal verification of deep neural networks is increasingly required in safety-critical domains, yet exact reasoning over piecewise-linear (PWL) activations such as ReLU suffers from a combinatorial explosion of activation patterns. This…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2026-01-01 Chandrasekhar Gokavarapu

Incremental data mining algorithms process frequent updates to dynamic datasets efficiently by avoiding redundant computation. Existing incremental extension to shared nearest neighbor density based clustering (SNND) algorithm cannot handle…

Databases · Computer Science 2017-02-02 Panthadeep Bhattacharjee , Amit Awekar