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We show how to build several data structures of central importance to string processing, taking as input the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) and using small extra working space. Let $n$ be the text length and $\sigma$ be the alphabet size.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Nicola Prezza , Giovanna Rosone

The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is a string transformation that enhances string indexing and compressibility. Cotumaccio and Prezza [SODA '21] extended this transformation to nondeterministic finite automata (NFAs) through…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Ruben Becker , Nicola Cotumaccio , Sung-Hwan Kim , Nicola Prezza , Carlo Tosoni

We introduce a new, practical method for conducting an exact search in a uni- and bidirectional FM index in $O(1)$ time per step while using $O(\log \sigma * n) + o(\log \sigma * \sigma * n)$ bits of space. This is done by replacing the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Christopher Pockrandt , Marcel Ehrhardt , Knut Reinert

We investigate properties of the bijective Burrows-Wheeler transform (BBWT). We show that for any string $w$, a bidirectional macro scheme of size $O(r_B)$ can be induced from the BBWT of $w$, where $r_B$ is the number of maximal character…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Golnaz Badkobeh , Hideo Bannai , Dominik Köppl

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) moves characters with similar contexts in a text together, where a character's context consists of the characters immediately following it. We say that a property has contextual locality if characters…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Travis Gagie

It is known that the exact form of the Burrows-Wheeler-Transform (BWT) of a string collection depends, in most implementations, on the input order of the strings in the collection. Reordering strings of an input collection affects the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Davide Cenzato , Veronica Guerrini , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Giovanna Rosone

We study the fundamental question of how efficiently suffix array entries can be accessed when the array cannot be stored explicitly. The suffix array $SA_T[1..n]$ of a text $T$ of length $n$ encodes the lexicographic order of its suffixes…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Dominik Kempa , Tomasz Kociumaka

The Burrows Wheeler transform has applications in data compression as well as full text indexing. Despite its important applications and various existing algorithmic approaches the construction of the transform for large data sets is still…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-04-25 German Tischler

Variation graphs, which represent genetic variation within a population, are replacing sequences as reference genomes. Path indexes are one of the most important tools for working with variation graphs. They generalize text indexes to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-01-13 Jouni Sirén

We consider construction of the suffix tree and the directed acyclic word graph (DAWG) indexing data structures for a collection $\mathcal{T}$ of texts, where a new symbol may be appended to any text in $\mathcal{T} = \{T_1, \ldots, T_K\}$,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-07-13 Takuya Takagi , Shunsuke Inenaga , Hiroki Arimura , Dany Breslauer , Diptarama Hendrian

A degenerate or indeterminate string on an alphabet $\Sigma$ is a sequence of non-empty subsets of $\Sigma$. Given a degenerate string $t$ of length $n$, we present a new method based on the Burrows--Wheeler transform for searching for a…

Let $T [1..n]$ be a text over an alphabet of size $\sigma \in \mathrm{polylog} (n)$, let $r^*$ be the sum of the numbers of runs in the Burrows-Wheeler Transforms of $T$ and its reverse, and let $z$ be the number of phrases in the LZ77…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Travis Gagie

Suppose we are asked to index a text $T [0..n - 1]$ such that, given a pattern $P [0..m - 1]$, we can quickly report the maximal substrings of $P$ that each occur in $T$ at least $k$ times. We first show how we can add $O (r \log n)$ bits…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Igor Tatarnikov , Ardavan Shahrabi Farahani , Sana Kashgouli , Travis Gagie

Indexing highly repetitive texts --- such as genomic databases, software repositories and versioned text collections --- has become an important problem since the turn of the millennium. A relevant compressibility measure for repetitive…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-07-13 Travis Gagie , Gonzalo Navarro , Nicola Prezza

The positional Burrows-Wheeler Transform (PBWT) is commonly used to store haplotype panels compactly in such a way that, given a query haplotype, we can quickly find the set maximal exact matches (SMEMs) between the query and the haplotypes…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Travis Gagie

A sequence $e_0,e_1,\ldots$ of edit operations in a string $T$ is called ephemeral if operation $e_i$ constructing string $T^i$, for all $i=2k$ with $k\in\mathbb{N}$, is reverted by operation $e_{i+1}$ that reconstructs $T$. Such a sequence…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Solon P. Pissis

Dense subgraph search in bipartite graphs is a fundamental problem in graph analysis, with wide-ranging applications in fraud detection, recommendation systems, and social network analysis. The recently proposed $(\alpha, \beta)$-dense…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Yalong Zhang , Rong-Hua Li , Qi Zhang , Guoren Wang

One of the most well-known variants of the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) [Burrows and Wheeler, 1994] is the bijective BWT (BBWT) [Gil and Scott, arXiv 2012], which applies the extended BWT (EBWT) [Mantaci et al., TCS 2007] to the multiset…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Dominik Köppl , Daiki Hashimoto , Diptarama Hendrian , Ayumi Shinohara

In recent years several compressed indexes based on variants of the Burrows-Wheeler transformation have been introduced. Some of these index structures far more complex than a single string, as was originally done with the FM-index…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Daniel Gibney , Sharma V. Thankachan

A bit catastrophe, loosely defined, is when a change in just one character of a string causes a significant change in the size of the compressed string. We study this phenomenon for the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT), a string transform at…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Sara Giuliani , Shunsuke Inenaga , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Giuseppe Romana , Marinella Sciortino , Cristian Urbina