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Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly saturating existing benchmarks, necessitating new open-ended evaluations. We introduce the Factorio Learning Environment (FLE), based on the game of Factorio, that tests agents in long-term planning,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Jack Hopkins , Mart Bakler , Akbir Khan

Meta reinforcement learning (meta-RL) extracts knowledge from previous tasks and achieves fast adaptation to new tasks. Despite recent progress, efficient exploration in meta-RL remains a key challenge in sparse-reward tasks, as it requires…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Jin Zhang , Jianhao Wang , Hao Hu , Tong Chen , Yingfeng Chen , Changjie Fan , Chongjie Zhang

A common belief in model-free reinforcement learning is that methods based on random search in the parameter space of policies exhibit significantly worse sample complexity than those that explore the space of actions. We dispel such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Horia Mania , Aurelia Guy , Benjamin Recht

Multi-task reinforcement learning (MTRL) offers a promising approach to improve sample efficiency and generalization by training agents across multiple tasks, enabling knowledge sharing between them. However, applying MTRL to robotics…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Gawon Lee , Daesol Cho , H. Jin Kim

Reinforcement learning (RL) post-training has become a trending paradigm for enhancing the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Most existing RL systems for LLMs operate in a fully synchronous manner, where training must wait for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zekai Qu , Yinxu Pan , Ao Sun , Chaojun Xiao , Xu Han

Sampled environment transitions are a critical input to deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms. Current DRL benchmarks often allow for the cheap and easy generation of large amounts of samples such that perceived progress in DRL does…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Florian E. Dorner

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a foundation of learning in biological systems and provides a framework to address numerous challenges with real-world artificial intelligence applications. Efficient implementations of RL techniques could…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Wilkie Olin-Ammentorp , Yury Sokolov , Maxim Bazhenov

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve into persistent scientific collaborators, context window saturation has emerged as a critical bottleneck. Scientific workflows involving iterative data analysis and hypothesis refinement rapidly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Nikola Milosevic

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a dominant paradigm for training large language models (LLMs), particularly for reasoning tasks. Effective RL for LLMs requires massive parallelization and poses an urgent need for efficient training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Wei Fu , Jiaxuan Gao , Xujie Shen , Chen Zhu , Zhiyu Mei , Chuyi He , Shusheng Xu , Guo Wei , Jun Mei , Jiashu Wang , Tongkai Yang , Binhang Yuan , Yi Wu

While reinforcement learning (RL) has shown promising performance, its sample complexity continues to be a substantial hurdle, restricting its broader application across a variety of domains. Imitation learning (IL) utilizes oracles to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xuefeng Liu , Takuma Yoneda , Rick L. Stevens , Matthew R. Walter , Yuxin Chen

Multi-agent reinforcement learning for incomplete information environments has attracted extensive attention from researchers. However, due to the slow sample collection and poor sample exploration, there are still some problems in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Shuhan Qi , Shuhao Zhang , Xiaohan Hou , Jiajia Zhang , Xuan Wang , Jing Xiao

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising strategy for finetuning small language models (SLMs) to solve targeted tasks such as math and coding. However, RL algorithms tend to be resource-intensive, taking a significant amount…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Lianghuan Huang , Sagnik Anupam , Insup Lee , Shuo Li , Osbert Bastani

In this paper, we study the Tiered Reinforcement Learning setting, a parallel transfer learning framework, where the goal is to transfer knowledge from the low-tier (source) task to the high-tier (target) task to reduce the exploration risk…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Jiawei Huang , Niao He

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown great effectiveness in quadrotor control, enabling specialized policies to develop even human-champion-level performance in single-task scenarios. However, these specialized policies often struggle with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Jiaxu Xing , Ismail Geles , Yunlong Song , Elie Aljalbout , Davide Scaramuzza

Systems for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) of buildings are traditionally controlled by a rule-based approach. In order to reduce the energy consumption and the environmental impact of HVAC systems more advanced control…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Daniel Bayer , Marco Pruckner

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown remarkable progress in simulation environments, yet its application to real-world robotic tasks remains limited due to challenges in exploration and generalization. To address these issues, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Amisha Bhaskar , Zahiruddin Mahammad , Sachin R Jadhav , Pratap Tokekar

We study how to scale reasoning token budgets for competitive programming through two complementary approaches: training-time reinforcement learning (RL) and test-time parallel thinking. During RL training, we observe an approximately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Qianfan Zhang , Tianyu Guo , Xuandi Ren , Jiale Chen , Ming Ding , Ran Xin , Xia Xiao

Multi-task reinforcement learning (RL) aims to simultaneously learn policies for solving many tasks. Several prior works have found that relabeling past experience with different reward functions can improve sample efficiency. Relabeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Benjamin Eysenbach , Xinyang Geng , Sergey Levine , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

We present flow Q-learning (FQL), a simple and performant offline reinforcement learning (RL) method that leverages an expressive flow-matching policy to model arbitrarily complex action distributions in data. Training a flow policy with RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Seohong Park , Qiyang Li , Sergey Levine

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising optimal control technique for multi-energy management systems. It does not require a model a priori - reducing the upfront and ongoing project-specific engineering effort and is capable of learning…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-02 Glenn Ceusters , Luis Ramirez Camargo , Rüdiger Franke , Ann Nowé , Maarten Messagie