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As the penetration level of distributed energy resources (DERs) continues to rise, traditional frequency and voltage support from synchronous machines declines. This weakens grid stability and increases the need for fast and adaptive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Sihao Chen , Xue Hu , Zhaoyuan Wu

High penetrations of intermittent renewable energy resources in the power system require large balancing reserves for reliable operations. Aggregated and coordinated behind-the-meter loads can provide these fast reserves, but represent…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-03 Mahraz Amini , Mads Almassalkhi

With the proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution grid, it is a challenge to effectively control a large number of DERs resilient to the communication and security disruptions, as well as to provide the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-02 Mohammad Panahazari , Matthew Koscak , Jianhua Zhang , Daqing Hou , Jing Wang , David Wenzhong Gao

Due to changes in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and storms, power systems around the globe are having to deal with increased imbalance between demand and supply and additional risk of loss of supply,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-01 Edward Moroshko , Weizhe Qin , Desen Kirli , Mohammed Qais , Sotirios Tsaftaris , Aristides Kiprakis

This paper proposes an online voltage control strategy of distributed energy resources (DERs), based on the projected Newton method (PNM), for unbalanced distribution networks. The optimal Volt/VAr control (VVC) problem is formulated as an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-13 Rui Cheng , Zhaoyu Wang , Yifei Guo , Qianzhi Zhang

In this paper, we propose a framework for coordinating distributed energy resources (DERs) connected to a power distribution system, the model of which is not completely known, so that they collectively provide a specified amount of active…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-09 Hanchen Xu , Alejandro D. Domínguez-García , Peter W. Sauer

Demand response represents a significant but largely untapped resource that can greatly enhance the flexibility and reliability of power systems. This paper proposes a hierarchical control framework to facilitate the integrated coordination…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-01-10 Di Wu , Jianming Lian , Yannan Sun , Tao Yang , Jacob Hansen

As we transition towards a power grid that is increasingly based on renewable resources like solar and wind, the intelligent control of distributed energy resources (DER) including photovoltaic (PV) arrays, controllable loads, energy…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-10-02 Trudie Wang , Dan O'Neill , Haresh Kamath

Recently, the concept of dynamic virtual power plants (DVPP) has been proposed to collectively provide desired dynamic ancillary services such as fast frequency and voltage control by a heterogeneous ensemble of distributed energy resources…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-06 Moritz Andrejewski , Verena Häberle , Nico Goldschmidt , Florian Dörfler , Horst Schulte

As the penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases, harnessing their flexibility becomes critical for power system operations. Virtual power plants (VPPs) offer a promising solution. However, most existing scheduling tools…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Lorenzo Zapparoli , Paul Fäth , Blazhe Gjorgiev , Giovanni Sansavini

The rapid deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) is one of the essential efforts to mitigate global climate change. However, a vast number of small-scale DERs are difficult to manage individually, motivating the introduction of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-26 Tao Tan , Rui Xie , Meng Yang , Yue Chen

This paper presents a distributionally robust model predictive control (DRMPC) framework for the optimal Virtual Power Plant (VPP) operation under electricity price uncertainty. A unified VPP model is formulated that captures the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-15 Nikolas Recke , Mathias Hudoba de Badyn

This paper proposes a coordinated home energy management system (HEMS) architecture where the distributed residential units cooperate with each other to achieve real-time power balancing. The economic benefits for the retailer and…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2012-04-11 Tsung-Hui Chang , Mahnoosh Alizadeh , Anna Scaglione

This paper addresses the question: how many distributed energy resources (DERs) are needed to provide $\pm1$MW of flexibility over a number of hours? For this purpose, a metric based on an ISO's own performance score is proposed. Then, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-23 Adil Khurram , Luis A. Duffaut Espinosa , Mads Almassalkhi

This paper addresses the energy dispatch of a virtual power plant comprising renewable generation, energy storage, and thermal units under uncertainty in renewable output, energy prices, and energy demand. The nonlinear dynamics and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Luca Santosuosso , Fei Teng , Sonja Wogrin

With the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution grids, their impact on grid operations can no longer be ignored. However, the individual control of these increasingly ubiquitous devices remains a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-26 Jun-Xing Chin , Gabriela Hug

This paper presents a novel framework for collective control of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in active Distribution Networks (DNs). The proposed approach unifies the commonly employed local (i.e., decentralized) voltage and frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-19 Ognjen Stanojev , Yi Guo , Gabriela Hug

This paper demonstrates the value of power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) testing for the study of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading. P2P has emerged as a promising candidate for coordinating large numbers of distributed energy resources (DER)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-19 Thomas Perrau , Maksim Stojkovic , Gregor Verbic

This paper investigates distributed control and incentive mechanisms to coordinate distributed energy resources (DERs) with both continuous and discrete decision variables as well as device dynamics in distribution grids. We formulate a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-07-16 Xinyang Zhou , Emiliano Dall'Anese , Lijun Chen

Model predictive control (MPC) strategies can be applied to the coordination of energy hubs to reduce their energy consumption. Despite the effectiveness of these techniques, their potential for energy savings are potentially underutilized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-06 Nicolas Lefebure , Mohammad Khosravi , Mathias Hudoba de Badyn , Felix Bünning , John Lygeros , Colin Jones , Roy S. Smith