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One of the many remarkable properties of the Ap\'ery numbers $A (n)$, introduced in Ap\'ery's proof of the irrationality of $\zeta (3)$, is that they satisfy the two-term supercongruences \begin{equation*} A (p^r m) \equiv A (p^{r - 1} m)…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-01-20 Armin Straub

Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer congruences are special congruence recursions satisfied by coefficients of noncongruence modular forms. These are in some sense $p$-adic analogues of Hecke recursion satisfied by classic Hecke eigenforms. They…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-09-29 Wen-Ching Winnie Li , Ling Long

In the 1970's, Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectured that Fourier coefficients of holomorphic modular cusp forms on noncongruence subgroups of $\text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$ satisfy certain $p$-adic recurrence relations which are analogous to…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Michael Allen , Ling Long , Hasan Saad

We give elementary proofs for the Apagodu-Zeilberger-Stanton-Amdeberhan-Tauraso congruences $$\sum\limits_{n=0}^{p-1}\dbinom{2n}{n} \equiv\eta_{p}\mod p^{2},$$ $$\sum\limits_{n=0}^{rp-1}\dbinom{2n}{n}…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-01-31 Darij Grinberg

For $n=0,1,2,\ldots$ let $W_n=\sum_{k=0}^{[n/3]}\binom{2k}k \binom{3k}k\binom n{3k}(-3)^{n-3k}$, where $[x]$ is the greatest integer not exceeding $x$. Then $\{W_n\}$ is an Ap\'ery-like sequence. In this paper we deduce many congruences…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-05-12 Zhi-Hong Sun

We present a method for obtaining congruences modulo powers of a prime number~$p$ for combinatorial sequences whose generating function satisfies an algebraic differential equation. This method generalises the one by Kauers and the authors…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Christian Krattenthaler , Thomas W. Müller

In this paper we give an example of a noncongruence subgroup whose three-dimensional space of cusp forms of weight 3 has the following properties. For each of the four residue classes of odd primes modulo 8 there is a basis whose Fourier…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2008-02-07 A. O. L. Atkin , Wen-Ching Winnie Li , Ling Long

Many combinatorial sequences (for example, the Catalan and Motzkin numbers) may be expressed as the constant term of $P(x)^k Q(x)$, for some Laurent polynomials $P(x)$ and $Q(x)$ in the variable $x$ with integer coefficients. Denoting such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-10-01 William Y. C. Chen , Qing-Hu Hou , Doron Zeilberger

Let $\{A'_n\}$ be the Ap\'ery numbers given by $A'_n=\sum_{k=0}^n\binom nk^2\binom{n+k}k.$ For any prime $p\equiv 3\pmod 4$ we show that $A'_{\frac{p-1}2}\equiv \frac{p^2}3\binom{\frac{p-3}2}{\frac{p-3}4}^{-2}\pmod {p^3}$. Let $\{t_n\}$ be…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-16 Zhi-Hong Sun

In this paper we will use experimental and computational methods to find modular forms for non-congruence subgroups, and the modular forms for congruence subgroups that they are associated with via the Atkin--Swinnerton-Dyer correspondence.…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2009-10-06 L. J. P. Kilford

Traces of singular moduli were introduced and studied by Zagier in 1998. Being simultaneously the (traces of) values of a modular function ($j$-invariant) and Fourier coefficients of modular forms - which constitutes Zagier's duality -…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-24 Pavel Guerzhoy

In 1978, Apery has given sequences of rational approximations to $\zeta(2)$ and $\zeta(3)$ yielding the irrationality of each of these numbers. One of the key ingredient of Apery's proof are second-order difference equations with polynomial…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Wadim Zudilin

Let $p>3$ be a prime, and let $a$ be a rational p-adic integer with $a\not\equiv 0\pmod p$. In this paper we establish congruences for $$\sum_{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}\frac{\binom ak\binom{-1-a}k}k, \quad\sum_{k=0}^{(p-1)/2}k\binom ak\binom{-1-a}k…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-31 Zhi-Hong Sun

Let $p>3$ be a prime, and let $a$ be a rational $p$-adic integer, using WZ method we establish the congruences modulo $p^3$ for $$\sum_{k=0}^{p-1} \binom ak\binom{-1-a}k\binom{2k}k\frac {w(k)}{4^k},$$ where $$w(k)=1,\frac 1{k+1},\frac…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-02-15 Zhi-Hong Sun

We give new examples of weight three cusp forms on noncongruence subgroups of SL(2, Z) whose Scholl representation is modular and which satisfy three term Atkin-Swinnerton-Dyer relations.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2008-05-15 Liqun Fang , J. William Hoffman , Benjamin Linowitz , Andrew Rupinski , Helena Verrill

In 2017, motivated by a supercongruence conjectured by Kimoto and Wakayama and confirmed by Long, Osburn and Swisher, Z.-W. Sun introduced the sequence of polynomials: $$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-24 Chen Wang , Sheng-Jie Wang

In this paper, we study some supercongruences involving the sequence $$ t_n(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}{k}\binom{x}{k}\binom{x+k}{k}2^k $$ and solve some open problems. For any odd prime $p$ and $p$-adic integer $x$, we determine…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-14 Hui-Li Han , Chen Wang

Using the theory of Stienstra and Beukers, we prove various elementary congruences for the numbers \sum \binom{2i_1}{i_1}^2\binom{2i_2}{i_2}^2...\binom{2i_k}{i_k}^2, where k,n \in N, and the summation is over the integers i_1, i_2, ...i_k…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2013-01-16 Matija Kazalicki

In a recent article, Apagodu and Zeilberger (http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.03351)discuss some applications of an algorithm for finding and proving congruence identities (modulo primes) of indefinite sums of many combinatorial sequence. At the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-11 Tewodros Amdeberhan , Roberto Tauraso

In 1973, Swinnerton-Dyer completely classified all congruences for coefficients of normalized eigenforms in weights $k \in \{12, 16, 18, 20, 22, 26\}$ on $\Gamma_{0}(1) = \operatorname{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$ using the theory of modular Galois…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-21 Eddie O'Sullivan , Henry Stone , Swati , Xiaolan Jin