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The soft factorization theorem for 4D abelian gauge theory states that the $\mathcal{S}$-matrix factorizes into soft and hard parts, with the universal soft part containing all soft and collinear poles. Similarly, correlation functions on…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-04-04 Anjalika Nande , Monica Pate , Andrew Strominger

A deep connection has been recently established between soft theorems and symmetries at null infinity in gravity and gauge theories, recasting the former as Ward identities of the latter. In particular, different orders (in the frequency of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-05-11 Eduardo Conde , Pujian Mao

Soft current algebras capture the infrared structure of scattering in asymptotically flat spacetimes, but an analogous algebraic description of finite-energy dynamics has been missing. We uncover an infinite-dimensional hard current algebra…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-01-16 Reiko Liu , Wen-Jie Ma

Asymptotic particle states in four-dimensional celestial scattering amplitudes are labelled by their $SL(2,\mathbb{C})$ Lorentz/conformal weights $(h,\bar{h})$ rather than the usual energy-momentum four-vector. These boost eigenstates…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-10-30 Monica Pate , Ana-Maria Raclariu , Andrew Strominger

The four-dimensional $S$-matrix is reconsidered as a correlator on the celestial sphere at null infinity. Asymptotic particle states can be characterized by the point at which they enter or exit the celestial sphere as well as their…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-02-20 Laura Donnay , Andrea Puhm , Andrew Strominger

Soft factorization theorems can be reinterpreted as Ward identities for (asymptotic) symmetries of scattering amplitudes in asymptotically flat space-time. In this paper we study the symmetries implied by the all loop soft photon theorems…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-03-11 Shamik Banerjee , Raju Mandal , Biswajit Sahoo

A central feature of scattering amplitudes in gravity or gauge theory is the existence of a variety of energetically soft theorems which put constraints on the amplitudes. Celestial amplitudes which are obtained from momentum-space…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-10-28 Andrea Puhm

Soft theorems in gauge theory and gravity encode the universal properties of scattering amplitudes as the zero frequency limit of one or more external states is approached. When the participating particles are treated in the massless limit,…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-07-15 Nikhil Kalyanapuram

Classical soft photon and soft graviton theorems determine long wavelength electromagnetic and gravitational waveforms for a general classical scattering process in terms of the electric charges and asymptotic momenta of the ingoing and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-12-30 Biswajit Sahoo

It was shown by F. Low in the 1950s that the subleading terms of soft photon S-matrix elements obey a universal linear relation. In this paper we give a new interpretation to this old relation, for the case of massless QED, as an…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-09-17 Vyacheslav Lysov , Sabrina Pasterski , Andrew Strominger

Celestial amplitudes represent 4D scattering of particles in boost, rather than the usual energy-momentum, eigenstates and hence are sensitive to both UV and IR physics. We show that known UV and IR properties of quantum gravity translate…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-09-01 Nima Arkani-Hamed , Monica Pate , Ana-Maria Raclariu , Andrew Strominger

We study the effect of electromagnetic interactions on the classical soft theorems on an asymptotically AdS background in 4 spacetime dimensions, in the limit of a small cosmological constant or equivalently a large AdS radius $l$. This…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-09-15 Nabamita Banerjee , Karan Fernandes , Arpita Mitra

In [1,2] it was shown that the subleading soft photon theorem in tree level amplitudes in massless QED is equivalent to a new class of symmetries of the theory parameterized by a vector field on the celestial sphere. In this paper, we…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-07-04 Alok Laddha , Prahar Mitra

Celestial holography posits that the long-distance behavior of gauge and gravity theories is dictated by two-dimensional conformal field theories defined on the celestial sphere. For non-abelian gauge theories, this proposal is verified, to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-12-29 Lorenzo Magnea , Enrico Zunino

The soft limits of scattering amplitudes have been extensively studied due to their essential role in the computation of physical observables in collider physics. The universal factorisation that occurs in these kinematic limits has been…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-12-14 Tristan McLoughlin , Andrea Puhm , Ana-Maria Raclariu

Lysov, Pasterski and Strominger have shown how Low's subleading soft photon theorem can be understood as Ward identities of new symmetries of massless QED. In this paper we offer a different perspective and show that there exists a class of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-11-23 Miguel Campiglia , Alok Laddha

Recently Sahoo and Sen obtained a series of remarkable results concerning sub-leading soft photon and graviton theorems in four dimensions. Even though the S- matrix is infrared divergent, they have shown that the sub-leading soft theorems…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-01-08 Miguel Campiglia , Alok Laddha

We determine the ${\cal N}=4$ supersymmetric $W_{1+\infty}^{2,2}[\lambda=\frac{1}{4}]$ algebra which is an extension of ${\cal N}=4$ $SO(4)$ superconformal algebra with vanishing central charge. We identify the soft current algebra between…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-07-03 Changhyun Ahn , Man Hea Kim

Here we consider what happens when we lift a codimension-1 slice of the celestial sphere to a codimension-1 slice of the bulk spacetime in a manner that respects our ability to quotient by the null generators of $\mathcal{I}^\pm$ to get to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-06-14 Sabrina Pasterski

We describe the connection between spontaneously-broken higher symmetries and soft theorems for scattering amplitudes of their associated Nambu-Goldstone bosons. Our main result is a new sub-leading double soft pion theorem in theories with…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-24 Jonah Berean-Dutcher , Maria Derda , Julio Parra-Martinez
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