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We apply Reinforcement Learning algorithms to solve the classic quantitative finance Market Making problem, in which an agent provides liquidity to the market by placing buy and sell orders while maximizing a utility function. The optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Matias Selser , Javier Kreiner , Manuel Maurette

Market making is a fundamental trading problem in which an agent provides liquidity by continually offering to buy and sell a security. The problem is challenging due to inventory risk, the risk of accumulating an unfavourable position and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Thomas Spooner , John Fearnley , Rahul Savani , Andreas Koukorinis

In this paper, we introduce a novel reinforcement learning framework for optimal trade execution in a limit order book. We formulate the trade execution problem as a dynamic allocation task whose objective is the optimal placement of market…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-28 Patrick Cheridito , Moritz Weiss

There has been a recent surge in interest in the application of artificial intelligence to automated trading. Reinforcement learning has been applied to single- and multi-instrument use cases, such as market making or portfolio management.…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-04-16 Jonathan Sadighian

Market makers play an important role in providing liquidity to markets by continuously quoting prices at which they are willing to buy and sell, and managing inventory risk. In this paper, we build a multi-agent simulation of a dealer…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-11-15 Sumitra Ganesh , Nelson Vadori , Mengda Xu , Hua Zheng , Prashant Reddy , Manuela Veloso

Market making (MM) is an important research topic in quantitative finance, the agent needs to continuously optimize ask and bid quotes to provide liquidity and make profits. The limit order book (LOB) contains information on all active…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-05-26 Hong Guo , Jianwu Lin , Fanlin Huang

Reinforcement Learning has emerged as a promising framework for developing adaptive and data-driven strategies, enabling market makers to optimize decision-making policies based on interactions with the limit order book environment. This…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-17 Rafael Zimmer , Oswaldo Luiz do Valle Costa

This paper sets forth a framework for deep reinforcement learning as applied to market making (DRLMM) for cryptocurrencies. Two advanced policy gradient-based algorithms were selected as agents to interact with an environment that…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-11-21 Jonathan Sadighian

This study investigates the development of an optimal execution strategy through reinforcement learning, aiming to determine the most effective approach for traders to buy and sell inventory within a finite time horizon. Our proposed model…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-04 Yadh Hafsi , Edoardo Vittori

Algorithmic collusion has emerged as a central question in AI: Will the interaction between different AI agents deployed in markets lead to collusion? More generally, understanding how emergent behavior, be it a cartel or market dominance…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ziyi Wang , Carmine Ventre , Maria Polukarov

Trading markets represent a real-world financial application to deploy reinforcement learning agents, however, they carry hard fundamental challenges such as high variance and costly exploration. Moreover, markets are inherently a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Yue Gao , Kry Yik Chau Lui , Pablo Hernandez-Leal

Reinforcement learning algorithms describe how an agent can learn an optimal action policy in a sequential decision process, through repeated experience. In a given environment, the agent policy provides him some running and terminal…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-03-24 Arthur Charpentier , Romuald Elie , Carl Remlinger

Optimal order execution is widely studied by industry practitioners and academic researchers because it determines the profitability of investment decisions and high-level trading strategies, particularly those involving large volumes of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-09-15 Michaël Karpe , Jin Fang , Zhongyao Ma , Chen Wang

This work is about optimal order execution, where a large order is split into several small orders to maximize the implementation shortfall. Based on the diversity of cryptocurrency exchanges, we attempt to extract cross-exchange signals by…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-07-03 Cong Zheng , Jiafa He , Can Yang

We consider the problem of how to design large decentralized multi-agent systems (MAS's) in an automated fashion, with little or no hand-tuning. Our approach has each agent run a reinforcement learning algorithm. This converts the problem…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2007-05-23 David H. Wolpert , Kevin R. Wheeler , Kagan Tumer

Market-based agents refer to reinforcement learning agents which determine their actions based on an internal market of sub-agents. We introduce a new type of market-based algorithm where the state itself is factored into several axes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Abhimanyu Pallavi Sudhir , Long Tran-Thanh

Execution algorithms are vital to modern trading, they enable market participants to execute large orders while minimising market impact and transaction costs. As these algorithms grow more sophisticated, optimising them becomes…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-28 Ollie Olby , Andreea Bacalum , Rory Baggott , Namid Stillman

Crypto-currency market uncertainty drives the need to find adaptive solutions to maximise gain or at least to avoid loss throughout the periods of trading activity. Given the high dimensionality and complexity of the state-action space in…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-04-29 Ali Raheman , Anton Kolonin , Alexey Glushchenko , Arseniy Fokin , Ikram Ansari

In this article, we develop a modular framework for the application of Reinforcement Learning to the problem of Optimal Trade Execution. The framework is designed with flexibility in mind, in order to ease the implementation of different…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Fernando de Meer Pardo , Christoph Auth , Florin Dascalu

In agent control issues, the idea of combining reinforcement learning and planning has attracted much attention. Two methods focus on micro and macro action respectively. Their advantages would show together if there is a good cooperation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-20 Xuerun Chen
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