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In this paper we consider the Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) problem: given an (elementwise) nonnegative matrix $V \in \R_+^{m\times n}$ find, for assigned $k$, nonnegative matrices $W\in\R_+^{m\times k}$ and $H\in\R_+^{k\times n}$…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Lorenzo Finesso , Peter Spreij

Factor analysis is broadly used as a powerful unsupervised machine learning tool for reconstruction of hidden features in recorded mixtures of signals. In the case of a linear approximation, the mixtures can be decomposed by a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Filip L. Iliev , Valentin G. Stanev , Velimir V. Vesselinov , Boian S. Alexandrov

Traditional nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) learns a new feature representation on the whole data space, which means treating all features equally. However, a subspace is often sufficient for accurate representation in practical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Junhang Li , Jiao Wei , Can Tong , Tingting Shen , Yuchen Liu , Chen Li , Shouliang Qi , Yudong Yao , Yueyang Teng

Referring back to the original text in the course of hierarchical learning is a common human trait that ensures the right direction of learning. The models developed based on the concept of Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Prasun Dutta , Rajat K. De

Dimensionality reduction is considered as an important step for ensuring competitive performance in unsupervised learning such as anomaly detection. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a popular and widely used method to accomplish…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Imtiaz Ahmed , Xia Ben Hu , Mithun P. Acharya , Yu Ding

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) approximates a non-negative endogenous data matrix as $Y_1 \approx XB$, with non-negative latent components $X$ and coefficients $B$. Standard covariate-aware NMF is feedforward: $B$ depends only on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-18 Kenichi Satoh

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has become a well-established class of methods for the analysis of non-negative data. In particular, a lot of effort has been devoted to probabilistic NMF, namely estimation or inference tasks in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-26 Louis Filstroff , Olivier Gouvert , Cédric Févotte , Olivier Cappé

Non-negative Matrix Factorisation (NMF) has been extensively used in machine learning and data analytics applications. Most existing variations of NMF only consider how each row/column vector of factorised matrices should be shaped, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Shuai Jiang , Kan Li , Richard Yida Xu

As we all known, the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is a dimension reduction method that has been widely used in image processing, text compressing and signal processing etc. In this paper, an algorithm for nonnegative matrix…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2013-05-27 Shu-Zhen Lai , Hou-Biao Li , Zu-Tao Zhang

Semi-Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (semi-NMF) extends classical Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) by allowing the basis matrix to contain both positive and negative entries, making it suitable for decomposing data with mixed signs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Lu Chenggang

Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has become a very popular technique in machine learning because it automatically extracts meaningful features through a sparse and part-based representation. However, NMF has the drawback of being…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2012-12-07 Nicolas Gillis

There has been a recent critical need to study fairness and bias in machine learning (ML) algorithms. Since there is clearly no one-size-fits-all solution to fairness, ML methods should be developed alongside bias mitigation strategies that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Lara Kassab , Erin George , Deanna Needell , Haowen Geng , Nika Jafar Nia , Aoxi Li

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a dimensionality reduction technique that has shown promise for analyzing noisy data, especially astronomical data. For these datasets, the observed data may contain negative values due to noise…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-04 Dylan Green , Stephen Bailey

Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) was popularized as a tool for data mining by Lee and Seung in 1999. NMF attempts to approximate a matrix with nonnegative entries by a product of two low-rank matrices, also with nonnegative entries.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2008-05-02 Michael Biggs , Ali Ghodsi , Stephen Vavasis

In this work, we empirically explore the question: how can we assess the quality of samples from some target distribution? We assume that the samples are provided by some valid Monte Carlo procedure, so we are guaranteed that the collection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-21 Arjumand Masood , Weiwei Pan , Finale Doshi-Velez

Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a powerful technique for analyzing regularly-sampled data, i.e., data that can be stored in a matrix. For audio, this has led to numerous applications using time-frequency (TF) representations like…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-10 Krishna Subramani , Paris Smaragdis , Takuya Higuchi , Mehrez Souden

Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is a powerful technique for dimension reduction, extracting latent factors and learning part-based representation. For large datasets, NMF performance depends on some major issues: fast algorithms,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-07-01 Duy-Khuong Nguyen , Tu-Bao Ho

Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a data analysis technique which allows compression and interpretation of nonnegative data. NMF became widely studied after the publication of the seminal paper by Lee and Seung (Learning the Parts…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2008-10-24 Nicolas Gillis , François Glineur

The problem of finding overlapping communities in networks has gained much attention recently. Optimization-based approaches use non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) or variants, but the global optimum cannot be provably attained in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-06-26 Xueyu Mao , Purnamrita Sarkar , Deepayan Chakrabarti

We propose a new variant of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), combining separability and sparsity assumptions. Separability requires that the columns of the first NMF factor are equal to columns of the input matrix, while sparsity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Nicolas Nadisic , Arnaud Vandaele , Jeremy E. Cohen , Nicolas Gillis
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