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Batch normalization (BN) is central to modern deep networks, but its effect on the realized function during training remains less understood than its optimization benefits. We study training-time BN in continuous piecewise-affine (CPA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xuan Qi , Yi Wei , Fanqi Yu , Furao Shen , Vittorio Murino , Cigdem Beyan

The inductive bias of a neural network is largely determined by the architecture and the training algorithm. To achieve good generalization, how to effectively train a neural network is of great importance. We propose a novel orthogonal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Weiyang Liu , Rongmei Lin , Zhen Liu , James M. Rehg , Liam Paull , Li Xiong , Le Song , Adrian Weller

Normalization layers have been shown to improve convergence in deep neural networks, and even add useful inductive biases. In many vision applications the local spatial context of the features is important, but most common normalization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Anthony Ortiz , Caleb Robinson , Dan Morris , Olac Fuentes , Christopher Kiekintveld , Md Mahmudulla Hassan , Nebojsa Jojic

Estimating individual and average treatment effects from observational data is an important problem in many domains such as healthcare and e-commerce. In this paper, we advocate balance regularization of multi-head neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Mehrdad Farajtabar , Andrew Lee , Yuanjian Feng , Vishal Gupta , Peter Dolan , Harish Chandran , Martin Szummer

The use of machine learning methods to tackle challenging physical layer signal processing tasks has attracted significant attention. In this work, we focus on the use of neural networks (NNs) to perform pilot-assisted channel estimation in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-26 Michel van Lier , Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming , Henk Corporaaal , Zoran Zivkovic

Batch Normalization (BatchNorm) is effective for improving the performance and accelerating the training of deep neural networks. However, it has also shown to be a cause of adversarial vulnerability, i.e., networks without it are more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Muhammad Awais , Fahad Shamshad , Sung-Ho Bae

Inserting an SVD meta-layer into neural networks is prone to make the covariance ill-conditioned, which could harm the model in the training stability and generalization abilities. In this paper, we systematically study how to improve the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Yue Song , Nicu Sebe , Wei Wang

Quantization of neural networks has become common practice, driven by the need for efficient implementations of deep neural networks on embedded devices. In this paper, we exploit an oft-overlooked degree of freedom in most networks - for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-07 Eldad Meller , Alexander Finkelstein , Uri Almog , Mark Grobman

We propose Dual PatchNorm: two Layer Normalization layers (LayerNorms), before and after the patch embedding layer in Vision Transformers. We demonstrate that Dual PatchNorm outperforms the result of exhaustive search for alternative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Manoj Kumar , Mostafa Dehghani , Neil Houlsby

We address the problem of estimating statistics of hidden units in a neural network using a method of analytic moment propagation. These statistics are useful for approximate whitening of the inputs in front of saturating non-linearities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-29 Alexander Shekhovtsov , Boris Flach

Normalization layers are critical components of modern AI systems, such as ChatGPT, Gemini, DeepSeek, etc. Empirically, they are known to stabilize training dynamics and improve generalization ability. However, the underlying theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Khoat Than

Optimization networks are a new methodology for holistically solving interrelated problems that have been developed with combinatorial optimization problems in mind. In this contribution we revisit the core principles of optimization…

We introduce a Normalized Convolutional Neural Layer, a novel approach to normalization in convolutional networks. Unlike conventional methods, this layer normalizes the rows of the im2col matrix during convolution, making it inherently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Dongsuk Kim , Geonhee Lee , Myungjae Lee , Shin Uk Kang , Dongmin Kim

This paper proposes a novel regularization approach to bias Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) toward utilizing edge and line features in their hidden layers. Rather than learning arbitrary kernels, we constrain the convolution layers to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Christoph Linse , Beatrice Brückner , Thomas Martinetz

We address a learning-to-normalize problem by proposing Switchable Normalization (SN), which learns to select different normalizers for different normalization layers of a deep neural network. SN employs three distinct scopes to compute…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-25 Ping Luo , Jiamin Ren , Zhanglin Peng , Ruimao Zhang , Jingyu Li

In this article, we introduce a novel normalization technique for neural network weight matrices, which we term weight conditioning. This approach aims to narrow the gap between the smallest and largest singular values of the weight…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hemanth Saratchandran , Thomas X. Wang , Simon Lucey

We study the implicit bias of batch normalization trained by gradient descent. We show that when learning a linear model with batch normalization for binary classification, gradient descent converges to a uniform margin classifier on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Yuan Cao , Difan Zou , Yuanzhi Li , Quanquan Gu

Dropout and similar stochastic neural network regularization methods are often interpreted as implicitly averaging over a large ensemble of models. We propose STE (stochastically trained ensemble) layers, which enhance the averaging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Alex Labach , Shahrokh Valaee

Layer normalization (LN) is a fundamental component in modern deep learning, but its per-sample centering and scaling introduce non-negligible inference overhead. RMSNorm improves efficiency by removing the centering operation, yet this may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yuxin Guo , Yihao Yue , Yunhao Ni , Yizhou Ruan , Jie Luo , Wenjun Wu , Lei Huang

Batch Normalization (BN) is a core and prevalent technique in accelerating the training of deep neural networks and improving the generalization on Computer Vision (CV) tasks. However, it fails to defend its position in Natural Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Jiaxi Wang , Ji Wu , Lei Huang