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AI systems are increasingly applied to complex tasks that involve interaction with humans. During training, such systems are potentially dangerous, as they haven't yet learned to avoid actions that could cause serious harm. How can an AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-18 William Saunders , Girish Sastry , Andreas Stuhlmueller , Owain Evans

Autonomous systems such as self-driving cars and general-purpose robots are safety-critical systems that operate in highly uncertain and dynamic environments. We propose an interactive multi-agent framework where the system-under-design is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Xin Qin , Nikos Aréchiga , Andrew Best , Jyotirmoy Deshmukh

As Augmented Reality (AR) becomes more and more embedded in daily life, ensuring the quality, safety, and reliability of AR applications is increasingly important. However, AR apps present unique challenges for automated testing. Unlike…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Seyed Amir Mousavi , Xiaoyin Wang

Recently, reinforcement learning (RL) has been used as a tool for finding failures in autonomous systems. During execution, the RL agents often rely on some domain-specific heuristic reward to guide them towards finding failures, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Mark Koren , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is an area of machine learning figuring out how agents take actions in an unknown environment to maximize its rewards. Unlike classical Markov Decision Process (MDP) in which agent has full knowledge of its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Yangxin Zhong , Jiajie He , Lingjie Kong

Saliency maps are frequently used to support explanations of the behavior of deep reinforcement learning (RL) agents. However, a review of how saliency maps are used in practice indicates that the derived explanations are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Akanksha Atrey , Kaleigh Clary , David Jensen

With the breakthrough of AlphaGo, deep reinforcement learning becomes a recognized technique for solving sequential decision-making problems. Despite its reputation, data inefficiency caused by its trial and error learning mechanism makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Qiyue Yin , Tongtong Yu , Shengqi Shen , Jun Yang , Meijing Zhao , Kaiqi Huang , Bin Liang , Liang Wang

In recent years, Game AI research has made important breakthroughs using Reinforcement Learning (RL). Despite this, RL for modern tabletop games has gained little to no attention, even when they offer a range of unique challenges compared…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Martin Balla , George E. M. Long , Dominik Jeurissen , James Goodman , Raluca D. Gaina , Diego Perez-Liebana

Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables an intelligent agent to optimise its performance in a task by continuously taking action from an observed state and receiving a feedback from the environment in form of rewards. RL typically uses tables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Alberto Castagna

This paper introduces ARCLE, an environment designed to facilitate reinforcement learning research on the Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC). Addressing this inductive reasoning benchmark with reinforcement learning presents these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Hosung Lee , Sejin Kim , Seungpil Lee , Sanha Hwang , Jihwan Lee , Byung-Jun Lee , Sundong Kim

In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (Deep RL) has been successfully implemented as a smart agent in many systems such as complex games, self-driving cars, and chat-bots. One of the interesting use cases of Deep RL is its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Foozhan Ataiefard , Hadi Hemmati

We study what actually works and what doesn't for training large language models as agents via multi-turn reinforcement learning. Despite rapid progress, existing frameworks and definitions are fragmented, and there is no systematic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ruiyi Wang , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu

The growing prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI) in various applications underscores the need for agents that can successfully navigate and adapt to an ever-changing, open-ended world. A key challenge is ensuring these AI agents are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Mikayel Samvelyan

Learning tabula rasa, that is without any prior knowledge, is the prevalent workflow in reinforcement learning (RL) research. However, RL systems, when applied to large-scale settings, rarely operate tabula rasa. Such large-scale systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Rishabh Agarwal , Max Schwarzer , Pablo Samuel Castro , Aaron Courville , Marc G. Bellemare

Hanabi has become a popular game for research when it comes to reinforcement learning (RL) as it is one of the few cooperative card games where you have incomplete knowledge of the entire environment, thus presenting a challenge for a RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Nina Cohen , Kordel K. France

Reinforcement Learning has shown success in a number of complex virtual environments. However, many challenges still exist towards solving problems with natural language as a core component. Interactive Fiction Games (or Text Games) are one…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Philip Osborne , Heido Nõmm , Andre Freitas

Advances in deep reinforcement learning have allowed autonomous agents to perform well on Atari games, often outperforming humans, using only raw pixels to make their decisions. However, most of these games take place in 2D environments…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Guillaume Lample , Devendra Singh Chaplot

Reinforcement Learning is a promising tool for learning complex policies even in fast-moving and object-interactive domains where human teleoperation or hard-coded policies might fail. To effectively reflect this challenging category of…

Reinforcement learning has made great strides in recent years due to the success of methods using deep neural networks. However, such neural networks act as a black box, obscuring the inner workings. While reinforcement learning has the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Brittany Davis Pierson , Justine Ventura , Matthew E. Taylor

The rapid iteration cycles of modern live-service games make regression testing indispensable for maintaining quality and stability. However, existing regression testing approaches face critical limitations, especially in common gray-box…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jinyu Cai , Jialong Li , Nianyu Li , Zhenyu Mao , Mingyue Zhang , Kenji Tei
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