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Related papers: Boltzmann Generators -- Sampling Equilibrium State…

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The paper by No\'e et al. [F. No\'e, S. Olsson, J. K\"ohler and H. Wu, Science, 365:6457 (2019)] introduced the concept of Boltzmann Generators (BGs), a deep generative model that can produce unbiased independent samples of many-body…

The use of generative models to sample equilibrium distributions of many-body systems, as first demonstrated by Boltzmann Generators, has attracted substantial interest due to their ability to produce unbiased and uncorrelated samples in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-10-23 Maximilian Schebek , Frank Noé , Jutta Rogal

The generation of equilibrium samples of molecular systems has been a long-standing problem in statistical physics. Boltzmann Generators are a generative machine learning method that addresses this issue by learning a transformation via a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-04 Leon Klein , Frank Noé

The accurate prediction of phase diagrams is of central importance for both the fundamental understanding of materials as well as for technological applications in material sciences. However, the computational prediction of the relative…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-11-26 Maximilian Schebek , Michele Invernizzi , Frank Noé , Jutta Rogal

Sampling equilibrium molecular configurations from the Boltzmann distribution is a longstanding challenge. Boltzmann Generators (BGs) address this by combining exact-likelihood generative models with importance sampling, but practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Weilong Chen , Bojun Zhao , Jan Eckwert , Julija Zavadlav

Efficient sampling from the Boltzmann distribution given its energy function is a key challenge for modeling complex physical systems such as molecules. Boltzmann Generators address this problem by leveraging continuous normalizing flows to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Rishal Aggarwal , Jacky Chen , Nicholas M. Boffi , David Ryan Koes

Scalable sampling of molecular states in thermodynamic equilibrium is a long-standing challenge in statistical physics. Boltzmann generators tackle this problem by pairing normalizing flows with importance sampling to obtain uncorrelated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Charlie B. Tan , Avishek Joey Bose , Chen Lin , Leon Klein , Michael M. Bronstein , Alexander Tong

Boltzmann generators (BGs) are now recognized as forefront generative models for sampling equilibrium states of many-body systems in the canonical ensemble, as well as for calculating the corresponding Helmholtz free energy. Furthermore,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-05-16 Steyn van Leeuwen , Alberto Pérez de Alba Ortíz , Marjolein Dijkstra

A Boltzmann machine is a stochastic neural network that has been extensively used in the layers of deep architectures for modern machine learning applications. In this paper, we develop a Boltzmann machine that is capable of modelling…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-10-18 Giacomo Torlai , Roger G. Melko

In this study, we address the challenge of using energy-based models to produce high-quality, label-specific data in complex structured datasets, such as population genetics, RNA or protein sequences data. Traditional training methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Alessandra Carbone , Aurélien Decelle , Lorenzo Rosset , Beatriz Seoane

Boltzmann machine is a powerful tool for modeling probability distributions that govern the training data. A thermal equilibrium state is typically used for Boltzmann machine learning to obtain a suitable probability distribution. The…

The Boltzmann model for the random generation of "decomposable" combinatorial structures is a set of techniques that allows for efficient random sampling algorithms for a large class of families of discrete objects. The usual requirement of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-12-23 Philippe Duchon

Generative models based on invertible transformations provide a physics-aware route to sample equilibrium configurations directly from the Boltzmann distribution, enabling efficient exploration of complex thermodynamic landscapes. Here, we…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-06 Luigi de Santis , John Russo , Andrea Ninarello

Boltzmann generators approach the sampling problem in many-body physics by combining a normalizing flow and a statistical reweighting method to generate samples in thermodynamic equilibrium. The equilibrium distribution is usually defined…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-09-07 Manuel Dibak , Leon Klein , Andreas Krämer , Frank Noé

Learning representations of molecular structures using deep learning is a fundamental problem in molecular property prediction tasks. Molecules inherently exist in the real world as three-dimensional structures; furthermore, they are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Daiki Koge , Naoaki Ono , Shigehiko Kanaya

Boltzmann sampling is commonly used to uniformly sample objects of a particular size from large combinatorial sets. For this technique to be effective, one needs to prove that (1) the sampling procedure is efficient and (2) objects of the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Megan Bernstein , Matthew Fahrbach , Dana Randall

Born-rule generative modeling, a central task in quantum machine learning, seeks to learn probability distributions that can be efficiently sampled by measuring complex quantum states. One hope is for quantum models to efficiently capture…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Mark M. Wilde

Boltzmann machines are physics informed generative models with wide applications in machine learning. They can learn the probability distribution from an input dataset and generate new samples accordingly. Applying them back to physics, the…

Computational Physics · Physics 2017-11-20 Lei Wang

Diffusion models have shown promising potential for advancing Boltzmann Generators. However, two critical challenges persist: (1) inherent errors in samples due to model imperfections, and (2) the requirement of hundreds of functional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Fengzhe Zhang , Jiajun He , Laurence I. Midgley , Javier Antorán , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

Efficient sampling from high-dimensional and multimodal unnormalized probability distributions is a central challenge in many areas of science and machine learning. We focus on Boltzmann generators (BGs) that aim to sample the Boltzmann…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Christopher von Klitzing , Denis Blessing , Henrik Schopmans , Pascal Friederich , Gerhard Neumann
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