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Researchers have traditionally recruited native speakers to provide annotations for widely used benchmark datasets. However, there are languages for which recruiting native speakers can be difficult, and it would help to find learners of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Haneul Yoo , Rifki Afina Putri , Changyoon Lee , Youngin Lee , So-Yeon Ahn , Dongyeop Kang , Alice Oh

Text in many domains involves a significant amount of named entities. Predict- ing the entity names is often challenging for a language model as they appear less frequent on the training corpus. In this paper, we propose a novel and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Md Rizwan Parvez , Saikat Chakraborty , Baishakhi Ray , Kai-Wei Chang

The Annotation Graph Toolkit is a collection of software supporting the development of annotation tools based on the annotation graph model. The toolkit includes application programming interfaces for manipulating annotation graph data and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Kazuaki Maeda , Steven Bird , Xiaoyi Ma , Haejoong Lee

While constructing supervised learning models, we require labelled examples to build a corpus and train a machine learning model. However, most studies have built the labelled dataset manually, which in many occasions is a daunting task. To…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Najam Nazar , Norman Chen , Chun Yong Chong

Reflective systems allow their own structures to be altered from within. Here we are concerned with a style of reflection, called linguistic reflection, which is the ability of a running program to generate new program fragments and to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2007-05-23 G. N. C. Kirby , R. Morrison , D. W. Stemple

Programming languages and platforms improve over time, sometimes resulting in new language features that offer many benefits. However, despite these benefits, developers may not always be willing to adopt them in their projects for various…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-03-29 Raffi Khatchadourian , Hidehiko Masuhara

We describe an annotation scheme and a tool developed for creating linguistically annotated corpora for non-configurational languages. Since the requirements for such a formalism differ from those posited for configurational languages,…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Wojciech Skut , Brigitte Krenn , Thorsten Brants , Hans Uszkoreit

Product Lines (PL) have proved an effective approach to reuse-based systems development. Several modeling languages were proposed so far to specify PL. Although they can be very different, these languages show two common features: they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Camille Salinesi , Raul Mazo , Daniel Diaz , Olfa Djebbi

Annotation guidelines used to guide the annotation of training and evaluation datasets can have a considerable impact on the quality of machine learning models. In this study, we explore the effects of annotation guidelines on the quality…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Faiz Ali Shah , Kairit Sirts , Dietmar Pfahl

We propose a new evaluation for automatic solvers for algebra word problems, which can identify mistakes that existing evaluations overlook. Our proposal is to evaluate such solvers using derivations, which reflect how an equation system…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-12 Shyam Upadhyay , Ming-Wei Chang

We propose a new active learning (AL) framework, Active Learning++, which can utilize an annotator's labels as well as its rationale. Annotators can provide their rationale for choosing a label by ranking input features based on their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-11 Bhavya Ghai , Q. Vera Liao , Yunfeng Zhang , Klaus Mueller

Code completion is a key feature of Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), aimed at predicting the next tokens a developer is likely to write, helping them write code faster and with less effort. Modern code completion approaches are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Matteo Ciniselli , Alberto Martin-Lopez , Gabriele Bavota

Many complex discourse-level tasks can aid domain experts in their work but require costly expert annotations for data creation. To speed up and ease annotations, we investigate the viability of automatically generated annotation…

Business documents come in a variety of structures, formats and information needs which makes information extraction a challenging task. Due to these variations, having a document generic model which can work well across all types of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Neelesh K Shukla , Msp Raja , Raghu Katikeri , Amit Vaid

Domain-specific constraint patterns are introduced, which form the counterpart to design patterns in software engineering for the constraint programming setting. These patterns describe the expert knowledge and best-practice solution to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Sophia Saller , Jana Koehler

Large language models make it easy for students to delegate writing, analysis, and problem-solving to automated systems, bypassing the effortful engagement that produces lasting understanding. We introduce a practical framework that helps…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Philipp Haindl , Oliver Eigner , Peter Kieseberg

Recent breakthroughs in singing voice synthesis (SVS) have heightened the demand for high-quality annotated datasets, yet manual annotation remains prohibitively labor-intensive and resource-intensive. Existing automatic singing annotation…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Wenxiang Guo , Yu Zhang , Changhao Pan , Zhiyuan Zhu , Ruiqi Li , Zhetao Chen , Wenhao Xu , Fei Wu , Zhou Zhao

In this paper, we address the limitations of the common data annotation and training methods for objective single-label classification tasks. Typically, when annotating such tasks annotators are only asked to provide a single label for each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Ben Wu , Yue Li , Yida Mu , Carolina Scarton , Kalina Bontcheva , Xingyi Song

The annotation of textual information is a fundamental activity in Linguistics and Computational Linguistics. This article presents various observations on annotations. It approaches the topic from several angles including Hypertext,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Georg Rehm

In this paper, we introduce \textsc{Yedda}, a lightweight but efficient and comprehensive open-source tool for text span annotation. \textsc{Yedda} provides a systematic solution for text span annotation, ranging from collaborative user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-28 Jie Yang , Yue Zhang , Linwei Li , Xingxuan Li