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We introduce unitary-gate randomized benchmarking (URB) for qudit gates by extending single-and multi-qubit URB to single- and multi-qudit gates. Specifically, we develop a qudit URB procedure that exploits unitary 2-designs. Furthermore,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-24 Mahnaz Jafarzadeh , Ya-Dong Wu , Yuval R. Sanders , Barry C. Sanders

Randomized protocols are procedures that incorporate probabilistic choices during their execution and they play a central role in quantum algorithms, spanning Hamiltonian simulation, noise mitigation, and measurement tasks. In practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Davide Cugini , Touheed Anwar Atif , Yigit Subasi

Quantum machine learning offers promising advantages for classification tasks, but noise, decoherence, and connectivity constraints in current devices continue to limit the efficient execution of feature map-based circuits. Gate Assessment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 F. Rodríguez-Díaz , D. Gutiérrez-Avilés , A. Troncoso , F. Martínez-Álvarez

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) is essential to implement quantum algorithms in a noise-resilient way, and thus to enjoy advantages of quantum computers even with presence of noise. In FTQC, a quantum circuit is decomposed into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Kohdai Kuroiwa , Yuya O. Nakagawa

We analyse a model for fault-tolerant quantum computation with low overhead suitable for situations where the noise is biased. The basis for this scheme is a gadget for the fault-tolerant preparation of magic states that enable universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-07 Paul Webster , Stephen D. Bartlett , David Poulin

We provide and experimentally demonstrate an accreditation protocol that upper-bounds the variation distance between noisy and noiseless probability distributions of the outputs of arbitrary quantum computations. We accredit the outputs of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-13 Samuele Ferracin , Seth T. Merkel , David McKay , Animesh Datta

We present a framework that utilizes quantum algorithms, an architecture aware quantum noise model and an ideal simulator to benchmark quantum computers. The benchmark metrics highlight the difference between the quantum computer evolution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-20 Konstantinos Georgopoulos , Clive Emary , Paolo Zuliani

As quantum circuits become more integrated and complex, additional error sources that were previously insignificant start to emerge. Consequently, the fidelity of quantum gates benchmarked under pristine conditions falls short of predicting…

We present two classical algorithms for the simulation of universal quantum circuits on $n$ qubits constructed from $c$ instances of Clifford gates and $t$ arbitrary-angle $Z$-rotation gates such as $T$ gates. Our algorithms complement each…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-27 Hakop Pashayan , Oliver Reardon-Smith , Kamil Korzekwa , Stephen D. Bartlett

We present a method for optimizing quantum control in experimental systems, using a subset of randomized benchmarking measurements to rapidly infer error. This is demonstrated to improve single- and two-qubit gates, minimize gate…

Randomized benchmarking (RB) refers to a collection of protocols that in the past decade have become central methods for characterizing quantum gates. These protocols aim at efficiently estimating the quality of a set of quantum gates in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-20 Jonas Helsen , Ingo Roth , Emilio Onorati , Albert H. Werner , Jens Eisert

There is currently a significant need for robust and efficient methods for characterizing quantum devices. While there has been significant progress in this direction, there remains a crucial need to precisely determine the strength and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Arnaud Carignan-Dugas , Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

How to effectively construct robust quantum gates for time-varying noise is a very important but still outstanding problem. Here we develop a systematic method to find pulses for quantum gate operations robust against both low- and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-22 Chia-Hsien Huang , Hsi-Sheng Goan

We present a low-cost protocol for benchmarking applications on generic quantum hardware in the circuit model. Using families of Clifford circuits which mimic the application circuit structure, we are able to predict how measured…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-19 Joseph Harris , Peter K. Schuhmacher

To successfully perform quantum computations, it is often necessary to first accurately characterize the noise in the underlying hardware. However, it is well known that fundamental limitations prevent the unique identification of the…

We construct a polynomial-time classical algorithm that samples from the output distribution of noisy geometrically local Clifford circuits with any product-state input and single-qubit measurements in any basis. Our results apply to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Jon Nelson , Joel Rajakumar , Dominik Hangleiter , Michael J. Gullans

A precise measurement of dephasing over a range of timescales is critical for improving quantum gates beyond the error correction threshold. We present a metrological tool, based on randomized benchmarking, capable of greatly increasing the…

We show that the Randomized Benchmarking (RB) protocol is a convolution amenable to Fourier space analysis. By adopting the mathematical framework of Fourier transforms of matrix-valued functions on groups established in recent work from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-17 Seth T. Merkel , Emily J. Pritchett , Bryan H. Fong

The classical simulation of quantum circuits is of central importance for benchmarking near-term quantum devices. The fact that gates belonging to the Clifford group can be simulated efficiently on classical computers has motivated a range…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-12 Tomislav Begušić , Kasra Hejazi , Garnet Kin-Lic Chan

Quantum gates in experiment are inherently prone to errors that need to be characterized before they can be corrected. Full characterization via quantum process tomography is impractical and often unnecessary. For most practical purposes,…

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