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Transients of a grid-synchronized voltage source converter (VSC) are closely related to over- currents and voltages occurred under large disturbances (e.g. a grid fault). Previous analysis in evaluating these transients usually neglect the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Chen Zhang , Marta Molinas , Xu Cai , Atle Rygg

The power synchronization control (PSC) has been increasingly used with voltage-source converters (VSCs) connected to the weak ac grid. This paper presents an in-depth analysis on the transient stability of the PSC-VSC by means of the phase…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

We consider a grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC) and address the problem of estimating the grid angle and frequency, information that is essential for an appropriate operation of the converter. We design phase-locked loop (PLL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-19 Daniele Zonetti , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Marc Cheah-Mane

Fluctuations in phase angle and frequency under large disturbances can lead to loss of synchronism (LOS) in grid-following (GFL) converters. The power angle and frequency of synchronous generators (SGs) correspond to rotor position and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Fangyuan Sun , Ruisheng Diao , Ruiyuan Zeng , Junjie Li , Wangqianyun Tang

The grid-following and grid-forming controls in voltage-source converters are considered as different operation modes and the synchronization mechanism of them are studied separately. In this article, the intrinsic relationships between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-08 Kaizhe Zhang

Deploying synchronous condensers (SynCons) near grid-following renewable energy sources (GFLRs) is an effective and increasingly adopted strategy for grid support. However, the potential transient instability risks in such configurations…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Qinglan Wang , Xu Zhang , Huan Xie , Chuan Qin , Zhiguo Hao

This paper presents a novel strategy for the synchronization of grid-following Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) in power systems with low rotational inertia. The proposed synchronization unit is based on emulating the physical properties of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-30 Ognjen Stanojev , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug

Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) are emerging as a solution for integrating renewable energy resources (RERs) into power systems. GFM-VSCs need a self-synchronisation strategy to ensure that all converters and generators in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-05 Regulo E. Avila-Martinez , Xavier Guillaud , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist

Under asymmetrical faults, analyzing the transient stability of grid-forming voltage-source converters (GFM-VSCs) becomes essential because their behavior fundamentally differs from that under symmetrical faults. When current limiting is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Seongyeon Kim , Ki-Hyun Kim , Shenghui Cui , Jae-Jung Jung

Grid-following inverters have been widely adopted as a grid interface for renewable energy, and ensuring their small-signal and large-signal stability is critical to modern power systems. Their large-signal, or transient, stability is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Yifan Zhang , Yunjie Gu , Yue Zhu , Yitong Li , Hsiao-Dong Chiang , Timothy C. Green

Synchronization instability of grid-tied converters during grid faults is a serious concern. For phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronized converters, synchronization stability during grid faults requires that PLL can resynchronize with the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-07 Xiuqiang He , Hua Geng

High penetration of distributed generators (DG) in modern power grids creates angle, voltage, and frequency instabilities. Most of the work in the literature has focused on small-signal stability analysis of single grid-connected inverters…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-07 Ramkrishna Mishan

Power flow oscillations can occur in power systems after major disturbances such as system faults, which may result in significant power swings and even lead to system collapse. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the efficacy of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-10 Yongxin Xiong , Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang , Yifei Li

Integrating grid-forming converters (GFMCs) into grid-following converter (GFLC)-dominated power systems enhances the grid strength, but GFMCs' current-limiting characteristic triggers dynamic switching between constant voltage control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Pu Cheng , Zhiguo Hao

Having sufficient grid-forming sources is one of the necessary conditions to guarantee the stability in a power system hosting a very large share of inverter-based generation. The grid-forming function has been historically fulfilled by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-08 Dorsan Lepour , Mario Paolone , Guillaume Denis , Carmen Cardozo , Thibault Prevost , Emeline Guiu

Small-signal instability of grid-connected power converters may arise when the converters use a phase-locked loop (PLL) to synchronize with a weak grid. Commonly, this stability problem (referred as PLL-synchronization stability in this…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Wei Dong , Florian Dörfler

High voltage direct current links based on voltage source converters (VSC-HVDC) embedded in alternating current (AC) systems are receiving a great deal of attention recently because they can contribute positively to the flexibilisation of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-03 Javier Renedo , Lukas Sigrist , Luis Rouco , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada

The modern power grid features the high penetration of power converters, which widely employ a phase-locked loop (PLL) for grid synchronization. However, it has been pointed out that PLL can give rise to small-signal instabilities under…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-18 Chaoran Yang , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Ping Ju

Transient stability is a complex phenomenon presented in multi-machine and multi-converter systems, and it is still considered a key limiting factor for stressed power systems. The increasing integration of non-synchronous generation…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-13 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist , Xavier Guillaud , Taoufik Qoria

Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) play a crucial role in the stability of power systems with large amounts of converter-based generation. Transient stability (angle stability under large disturbances) is a critical limiting…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Luis Rouco , Javier Renedo , Lukas Sigrist , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada
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