Related papers: Collatz Theorem
Linear-constraint loops are programs whose transition relation is specified by a system of linear inequalities. The termination problem asks, given a loop, whether it admits an infinite computation. Decidability of termination remains open…
This paper presents some considerations about the Goldbach's conjecture (GC). The work is based on elementary results of the number theory and it provides a constructive method that permits, given an even integer, to find at least a pair of…
This paper introduces prime holdout problems, a problem class related to the Collatz conjecture. After applying a linear function, instead of removing a finite set of prime factors, a holdout problem specifies a set of primes to be…
We define a sequence of positive integers recursively, where each term is determined as follows: starting with a given positive integer, if the term is odd, the next is the sum of its positive divisors; if the term is even, the subsequent…
We study a class of maps having the Collatz function (famously related to the Collatz Conjecture) as an example, under the topological and ergodic perspectives, including an approach with thermodynamic formalism. By introducing a key…
In this paper, a simple explanation for the Goldbach Conjecture is given. We have shown that the probability of violating the conjecture not only for the prime numbers, but also for any subset of natural numbers whose distribution is…
Let $T$ be the map defined on $\N=\{1,2,3, ...\}$ by $T(n) = \frac{n}{2} $ if $n$ is even and by $T(n) = \frac{3n+1}{2}$ if $n$ is odd. Consider the dynamical system $(\N, 2^{\N}, T,\mu)$ where $\mu$ is the counting measure. This dynamical…
In this paper, we show that if the numbers in the range $[1,2^n]$ satisfy Collatz conjecture, then almost all integers in the range $[2^n+1,2^{n+1}]$ will satisfy the conjecture as $n \to \infty$. The previous statement is equivalent to…
We introduce an explicit logarithmic transformation $T(x) = \{\log_6(x + 1/5)\}$ under which the Collatz map becomes a rigid circle rotation by the irrational angle \(\alpha = \log_6 3\), perturbed by a uniformly bounded error term. We…
Motivated by a recent work of Tr\"umper we consider the general Collatz word (up-down pattern) and the sequences following this pattern. The recurrences for the first and last sequence entries are given, obtained from repeated application…
We propose Reduced Collatz Conjecture that is equivalent to Collatz Conjecture, which states that every positive integer can return to an integer less than it, instead of 1. Reduced Collatz Conjecture is easier to explore because certain…
We build a variant of Collatz Conjecture for polynomials over $\mathbb{F}_2$ and we prove that it is solved. By the way, we give several examples.
We developed an algorithm that easily goes from one odd number to the next odd number in binary representation for the reduced forward Collatz map (Syracuse function). The algorithm indicates when an odd number can grow or shrink to the…
We prove a conjecture that classifies exceptional numbers. This conjecture arises in two different ways, from cryptography and from coding theory. An odd integer $t\geq 3$ is said to be exceptional if $f(x)=x^t$ is APN (Almost Perfect…
We establish an equivalent condition to the validity of the Collatz conjecture, using elementary methods. We derive some conclusions and show several examples of our results. We also offer a variety of exercises, problems and conjectures.
The Collatz problem is generalized into $3n + 3^k$ problem. It is shown that as long as the Collatz function iterates converge to the cycle passing through the number 1, the $3n + 3^k$ sequence converges to the cycle passing through the…
We investigate the structure of Collatz path sequences $\{F^k(n)\}_{k=0}^{\infty}$ for positive integers $n$, where $F$ denotes the standard Collatz map. By classifying natural numbers into residue classes modulo~4, we establish that the…
An operational approach to the Collatz Conjecture is presented. Scenarios are defined as strings of characters "s" (for "spike") and "d" (for "down") which symbolize the Collatz operations (3m+1)/2 and m/2 in a Collatz Series connecting two…
The purpose of this study is to show how to get a necessary criterion for prime numbers with the help of special matrices. My special interest lies in the empirical research of these matrices and their patterns, structures and symmetries.…
We introduce the \emph{Collatz conjecture} and its history. Some definition that this conjecture has, will be expressed and with these we try to explain some good lemma to justify the main properties of the \emph{Collatz conjecture}. With…