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In this work, we introduce a new information-theoretic perspective on Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) for parameter estimation with i.i.d. data, and show that MIL can outperform single-instance learners in low-signal regimes. Prior work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Atakan Azakli , Bernd Stelzer

Multi-Instance Multi-Label learning (MIML) models complex objects (bags), each of which is associated with a set of interrelated labels and composed with a set of instances. Current MIML solutions still focus on a single-type of objects and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Yuanlin Yang , Guoxian Yu , Jun Wang , Lei Liu , Carlotta Domeniconi , Maozu Guo

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as the best solution for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. It consists of dividing each slide into patches, which are treated as a bag of instances labeled with a global label. MIL includes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Ali Mammadov , Loic Le Folgoc , Julien Adam , Anne Buronfosse , Gilles Hayem , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

Multiple instance learning (MIL) can reduce the need for costly annotation in tasks such as semantic segmentation by weakening the required degree of supervision. We propose a novel MIL formulation of multi-class semantic segmentation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-04-16 Deepak Pathak , Evan Shelhamer , Jonathan Long , Trevor Darrell

This document describes a novel learning algorithm that classifies "bags" of instances rather than individual instances. A bag is labeled positive if it contains at least one positive instance (which may or may not be specifically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-07-11 Ramasubramanian Sundararajan , Hima Patel , Manisha Srivastava

Multiple instance learning (MIL) significantly reduced annotation costs via bag-level weak labels for large-scale images, such as histopathological whole slide images (WSIs). However, its adaptability to continual tasks with minimal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Byung Hyun Lee , Wongi Jeong , Woojae Han , Kyoungbun Lee , Se Young Chun

A new random forest based model for solving the Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem under small tabular data, called Soft Tree Ensemble MIL (STE-MIL), is proposed. A new type of soft decision trees is considered, which is similar to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Andrei V. Konstantinov , Lev V. Utkin

Novelty detection plays an important role in machine learning and signal processing. This paper studies novelty detection in a new setting where the data object is represented as a bag of instances and associated with multiple class labels,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-12-02 Qi Lou , Raviv Raich , Forrest Briggs , Xiaoli Z. Fern

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a popular weakly-supervised method for various applications, with a particular interest in histological whole slide image (WSI) classification. Due to the gigapixel resolution of WSI, applications of MIL…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Wenhui Zhu , Peijie Qiu , Xiwen Chen , Zhangsihao Yang , Aristeidis Sotiras , Abolfazl Razi , Yalin Wang

We introduce an extension of the multi-instance learning problem where examples are organized as nested bags of instances (e.g., a document could be represented as a bag of sentences, which in turn are bags of words). This framework can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Alessandro Tibo , Manfred Jaeger , Paolo Frasconi

In traditional multiple instance learning (MIL), both positive and negative bags are required to learn a prediction function. However, a high human cost is needed to know the label of each bag---positive or negative. Only positive bags…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-17 Zhen Hu , Zhuyin Xue

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to tackle the multiple instance regression (MIR) problem. This problem arises when the data is a collection of bags, where each bag is made of multiple instances corresponding to the same unique…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-13 Thomas Uriot

Digitizing pathological images into gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) has opened new avenues for Computational Pathology (CPath). As positive tissue comprises only a small fraction of gigapixel WSIs, existing Multiple Instance Learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Wenhao Tang , Sheng Huang , Heng Fang , Fengtao Zhou , Bo Liu , Qingshan Liu

In multiple instance learning, objects are sets (bags) of feature vectors (instances) rather than individual feature vectors. In this paper we address the problem of how these bags can best be represented. Two standard approaches are to use…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-07-12 Veronika Cheplygina , David M. J. Tax , Marco Loog

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is an effective and widely used approach for weakly supervised machine learning. In histopathology, MIL models have achieved remarkable success in tasks like tumor detection, biomarker prediction, and…

Multi-Class Incremental Learning (MCIL) aims to learn new concepts by incrementally updating a model trained on previous concepts. However, there is an inherent trade-off to effectively learning new concepts without catastrophic forgetting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Yaoyao Liu , Yuting Su , An-An Liu , Bernt Schiele , Qianru Sun

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a supervised learning methodology that aims to allow models to learn instance class labels from bag class labels, where a bag is defined to contain multiple instances. MIL is gaining traction for learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Samuel W. Remedios , Zihao Wu , Camilo Bermudez , Cailey I. Kerley , Snehashis Roy , Mayur B. Patel , John A. Butman , Bennett A. Landman , Dzung L. Pham

Weakly supervised instance labeling using only image-level labels, in lieu of expensive fine-grained pixel annotations, is crucial in several applications including medical image analysis. In contrast to conventional instance segmentation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan , Satyananda Kashyap , Alexandros Karagyris

Strongly supervised learning requires detailed knowledge of truth labels at instance levels, and in many machine learning applications this is a major drawback. Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a popular weakly supervised learning method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Saul Fuster , Trygve Eftestøl , Kjersti Engan

We study the problem of learning from aggregate observations where supervision signals are given to sets of instances instead of individual instances, while the goal is still to predict labels of unseen individuals. A well-known example is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-08 Yivan Zhang , Nontawat Charoenphakdee , Zhenguo Wu , Masashi Sugiyama