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Reinforcement learning for Large Language Model agents is often hindered by sparse rewards in multi-step reasoning tasks. Existing approaches like Group Relative Policy Optimization treat sampled trajectories as independent chains,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yu Li , Sizhe Tang , Tian Lan

In the landscape of Recommender System (RS) applications, reinforcement learning (RL) has recently emerged as a powerful tool, primarily due to its proficiency in optimizing long-term rewards. Nevertheless, it suffers from instability in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Ziru Liu , Shuchang Liu , Zijian Zhang , Qingpeng Cai , Xiangyu Zhao , Kesen Zhao , Lantao Hu , Peng Jiang , Kun Gai

Many challenging reinforcement learning (RL) problems require designing a distribution of tasks that can be applied to train effective policies. This distribution of tasks can be specified by the curriculum. A curriculum is meant to improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Maria Nesterova , Alexey Skrynnik , Aleksandr Panov

Modern language models address complex questions through chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning (Wei et al., 2023) and retrieval augmentation (Lewis et al., 2021), yet struggle with error propagation and knowledge integration. Tree-structured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Ahmed Bahloul , Simon Malberg

Reinforcement learning (RL) post-training is crucial for aligning generative models with human preferences, but its prohibitive computational cost remains a major barrier to widespread adoption. We introduce \textbf{TreeGRPO}, a novel RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Zheng Ding , Weirui Ye

Dynamic regression trees are an attractive option for automatic regression and classification with complicated response surfaces in on-line application settings. We create a sequential tree model whose state changes in time with the…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-11-23 Matthew A. Taddy , Robert B. Gramacy , Nicholas G. Polson

Recommender systems are embracing conversational technologies to obtain user preferences dynamically, and to overcome inherent limitations of their static models. A successful Conversational Recommender System (CRS) requires proper handling…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Wenqiang Lei , Xiangnan He , Yisong Miao , Qingyun Wu , Richang Hong , Min-Yen Kan , Tat-Seng Chua

Recent advances in personalized recommendation have sparked great interest in the exploitation of rich structured information provided by knowledge graphs. Unlike most existing approaches that only focus on leveraging knowledge graphs for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Yikun Xian , Zuohui Fu , S. Muthukrishnan , Gerard de Melo , Yongfeng Zhang

A big challenge in branch and bound lies in identifying the optimal node within the search tree from which to proceed. Current state-of-the-art selectors utilize either hand-crafted ensembles that automatically switch between naive sub-node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Alexander Mattick , Christopher Mutschler

Recommender systems serve as foundational infrastructure in modern information ecosystems, helping users navigate digital content and discover items aligned with their preferences. At their core, recommender systems address a fundamental…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Min Hou , Le Wu , Yuxin Liao , Yonghui Yang , Zhen Zhang , Yu Wang , Changlong Zheng , Han Wu , Richang Hong

How might we design Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based recommenders that encourage aligning user trajectories with the underlying user satisfaction? Three research questions are key: (1) measuring user satisfaction, (2) combatting sparsity…

In distributed optimization, the practical problem-solving performance is essentially sensitive to algorithm selection, parameter setting, problem type and data pattern. Thus, it is often laborious to acquire a highly efficient method for a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-04 Daokuan Zhu , Tianqi Xu , Jie Lu

Interactive recommendation that models the explicit interactions between users and the recommender system has attracted a lot of research attentions in recent years. Most previous interactive recommendation systems only focus on optimizing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Yong Liu , Yinan Zhang , Qiong Wu , Chunyan Miao , Lizhen Cui , Binqiang Zhao , Yin Zhao , Lu Guan

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown exceptional performance across various applications, enabling autonomous agents to learn optimal policies through interaction with their environments. However, traditional RL frameworks often face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Rui Liu , Anish Gupta , Erfaun Noorani , Pratap Tokekar

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a promising paradigm for optimizing Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) in complex reasoning tasks. However, traditional outcome-based RL approaches often suffer from reward sparsity and inefficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhao Wang , Ziliang Zhao , Zhicheng Dou

Using Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) to optimize Large Language Models (LLMs) can be conceptualized as progressively editing a query's `Reasoning Tree'. This process involves exploring nodes (tokens) and dynamically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hong Wang , Zhezheng Hao , Jian Luo , Chenxing Wei , Yao Shu , Lei Liu , Qiang Lin , Hande Dong , Jiawei Chen

In recommender systems, reinforcement learning solutions have effectively boosted recommendation performance because of their ability to capture long-term user-system interaction. However, the action space of the recommendation policy is a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Shuchang Liu , Qingpeng Cai , Bowen Sun , Yuhao Wang , Ji Jiang , Dong Zheng , Kun Gai , Peng Jiang , Xiangyu Zhao , Yongfeng Zhang

In previous research, we developed methods to train decision trees (DT) as agents for reinforcement learning tasks, based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) networks. The samples from which the DTs are built, use the environment's state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Raphael C. Engelhardt , Marcel J. Meinen , Moritz Lange , Laurenz Wiskott , Wolfgang Konen

Safe Reinforcement learning (Safe RL) aims at learning optimal policies while staying safe. A popular solution to Safe RL is shielding, which uses a logical safety specification to prevent an RL agent from taking unsafe actions. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Wen-Chi Yang , Giuseppe Marra , Gavin Rens , Luc De Raedt

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated its ability to solve high dimensional tasks by leveraging non-linear function approximators. However, these successes are mostly achieved by 'black-box' policies in simulated domains. When…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Riad Akrour , Davide Tateo , Jan Peters