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In 1990, Kolesova, Lam and Thiel determined the 283,657 main classes of Latin squares of order 8. Using techniques to determine relevant Latin trades and integer programming, we examine representatives of each of these main classes and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-07-30 Richard Bean

Let $L$ be an order-$n$ Latin square. For $X, Y, Z \subseteq \{1, ... ,n\}$, let $L(X, Y. Z)$ be the number of triples $i\in X, j\in Y, k\in Z$ such that $L(i,j) = k$. We conjecture that asymptotically almost every Latin square satisfies…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-26 Nathan Linial , Zur Luria

A latin square of order $n$ is an $n\times n$ array of $n$ symbols in which each symbol occurs exactly once in each row and column. A transversal of such a square is a set of $n$ entries such that no two entries share the same row, column…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-10-27 Ian M. Wanless

We answer a question posed by D\'enes and Keedwell that is equivalent to the following. For each order $n$ what is the smallest size of a partial latin square that cannot be embedded into the Cayley table of any group of order $n$? We also…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-01-11 Ian M. Wanless , Bridget S. Webb

We investigate MacNeish's conjecture (known to be false in general) in the setting of what we call "transitive" Mutually Orthogonal Latin Squares (MOLS). When we restrict our attention to "simply transitive" MOLS, we find that the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Amadou Keita , Ilya Shapiro

This paper deals with distinct computational methods to enumerate the set $\mathrm{PLR}(r,s,n;m)$ of $r \times s$ partial Latin rectangles on $n$ symbols with $m$ non-empty cells. For fixed $r$, $s$, and $n$, we prove that the size of this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-08-10 Raúl M. Falcón , Rebecca J. Stones

In this paper, we prove that the existence of a complete set of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) in N-dimensional Hilbert space implies the existence of a complete set of mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLSs) of order N. In particular, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 Stefan Joka

Similar to how standard Young tableaux represent paths in the Young lattice, Latin rectangles may be use to enumerate paths in the poset of semi-magic squares with entries zero or one. The symmetries associated to determinant preserve this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-15 Robert W. Donley, , Won Geun Kim

An intercalate in a Latin square is a $2\times2$ Latin subsquare. Let $N$ be the number of intercalates in a uniformly random $n\times n$ Latin square. We prove that asymptotically almost surely…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-01-18 Matthew Kwan , Benny Sudakov

We use a greedy probabilistic method to prove that for every $\epsilon > 0$, every $m\times n$ Latin rectangle on $n$ symbols has an orthogonal mate, where $m=(1-\epsilon)n$. That is, we show the existence of a second Latin rectangle such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Roland Häggkvist , Anders Johansson

Constructive and nonconstructive techniques are employed to enumerate Latin squares and related objects. It is established that there are (i) 2036029552582883134196099 main classes of Latin squares of order 11; (ii)…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-02-08 Alexander Hulpke , Petteri Kaski , Patric R. J. Östergård

A latin bitrade (T1, T2) is a pair of partial latin squares which are disjoint, occupy the same set of non-empty cells, and whose corresponding rows and columns contain the same set of entries. A genus may be associated to a latin bitrade…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-09-16 Ales Drapal , Carlo Hamalainen , Dan Rosendorf

We introduce a notion of parity for transversals, and use it to show that in Latin squares of order $2 \bmod 4$, the number of transversals is a multiple of 4. We also demonstrate a number of relationships (mostly congruences modulo 4)…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-04-30 Darcy Best , Ian M. Wanless

Difference arrays are used in applications such as software testing, authentication codes and data compression. Pseudo-orthogonal Latin squares are used in experimental designs. A special class of pseudo-orthogonal Latin squares are the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-01-23 Fatih Demirkale , Diane M. Donovan , Joanne Hall , Abdollah Khodkar , Asha Rao

A Latin square of side n defines in a natural way a finite geometry on 3n points, with three lines of size n and n^2 lines of size 3. A Latin square of side n with a transversal similarly defines a finite geometry on 3n+1 points, with three…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-08-26 Lou M. Pretorius , Konrad J. Swanepoel

In this paper we propose an algorithm for enumerating diagonal Latin squares of small order. It relies on specific properties of diagonal Latin squares to employ symmetry breaking techniques, and on several heuristic optimizations and bit…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-09-11 Stepan Kochemazov , Eduard Vatutin , Oleg Zaikin

We present the number of totally symmetric quasigroups (equivalently, totally symmetric Latin squares) of order 16, as well as the number of isomorphism classes, and extend previously published results to include information on the number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-22 Hy Ginsberg

An embedding of a code is a mapping that preserves distances between codewords. We prove that any code with code distance $\rho$ and length $d$ can be embedded into an MDS code with the same code distance and length but under a larger…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-23 Vladimir N. Potapov

Latin squares are interesting combinatorial objects with many applications. When working with Latin squares, one is sometimes led to deal with partial Latin squares, a generalization of Latin squares. One of the problems regarding partial…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-03-20 Masood Aryapoor

Given a partition $h_1+h_2+\dots+h_k = n$, a latin square of order $n$ with pairwise disjoint subsquares of orders $h_1,\dots ,h_k$ is called a realization. When the values $h_i$ are of at most two sizes, the existence of a realization has…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-26 Tara Kemp , James G. Lefevre