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The National Basketball Association (NBA) imposes a player salary cap. It is therefore useful to develop tools to measure the relative realized return of a player's salary given their on court performance. Very few such studies exist,…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-06-03 Jackson P. Lautier

In this paper, we propose two novel basketball metrics: ``expected points'' for team-based comparisons and ``expected points above average (EPAA)'' as a player-evaluation tool. Established within the Bayesian hierarchical model framework,…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2025-08-05 Benjamin Williams , Erin M. Schliep , Bailey Fosdick , Ryan Elmore

The performance of soccer players is one of most discussed aspects by many actors in the soccer industry: from supporters to journalists, from coaches to talent scouts. Unfortunately, the dashboards available online provide no effective way…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Paolo Cintia , Giovanni Mauro , Luca Pappalardo , Paolo Ferragina

Action Valuation (AV) has emerged as a key topic in Sports Analytics, offering valuable insights by assigning scores to individual actions based on their contribution to desired outcomes. Despite a few surveys addressing related concepts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Artur Xarles , Sergio Escalera , Thomas B. Moeslund , Albert Clapés

The objective of this work is to analyze the usefulness to transform the information to measure sports performance. This analysis is carried out within the field of basketball due to the existing tradition in this sport in data collection,…

Applications · Statistics 2024-02-13 Román Salmerón

The impact of player age on performance has received attention across sport. Most research has focused on the performance of players at each age, ignoring the reality that age likewise influences which players receive opportunities to…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-06 Michael Schuckers , Michael Lopez , Brian Macdonald

Assessing the impact of the individual actions performed by soccer players during games is a crucial aspect of the player recruitment process. Unfortunately, most traditional metrics fall short in addressing this task as they either focus…

Applications · Statistics 2019-08-01 Tom Decroos , Lotte Bransen , Jan Van Haaren , Jesse Davis

Fantasy Premier League (FPL) performance predictors tend to base their algorithms purely on historical statistical data. The main problems with this approach is that external factors such as injuries, managerial decisions and other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Nicholas Bonello , Joeran Beel , Seamus Lawless , Jeremy Debattista

The Pythagorean formula is one of the most popular ways to measure the true ability of a team. It is very easy to use, estimating a team's winning percentage from the runs they score and allow. This data is readily available on standings…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2014-06-04 Steven J. Miller , Taylor Corcoran , Jennifer Gossels , Victor Luo , Jaclyn Porfilio

Operations is a key challenge in the domain of machine learning pipeline deployments involving monitoring and management of real-time prediction quality. Typically, metrics like accuracy, RMSE etc., are used to track the performance of…

Evaluating the individual movements for teammates in soccer players is crucial for assessing teamwork, scouting, and fan engagement. It has been said that players in a 90-min game do not have the ball for about 87 minutes on average.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Masakiyo Teranishi , Kazushi Tsutsui , Kazuya Takeda , Keisuke Fujii

In basketball and hockey, state-of-the-art player value statistics are often variants of Adjusted Plus-Minus (APM). But APM hasn't had the same impact in soccer, since soccer games are low scoring with a low number of substitutions. In…

Applications · Statistics 2018-10-19 Francesca Matano , Lee F. Richardson , Taylor Pospisil , Collin Eubanks , Jining Qin

Accurately estimating human skill levels is crucial for designing effective human-AI interactions so that AI can provide appropriate challenges or guidance. In games where AI players have beaten top human professionals, strength estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Kyota Kuboki , Tatsuyoshi Ogawa , Chu-Hsuan Hsueh , Shi-Jim Yen , Kokolo Ikeda

This paper proposes a novel framework to assess individual player contributions in football, explicitly accounting for the cooperative nature of shot-ending offensive actions. By incorporating team interaction into player evaluation, it…

Applications · Statistics 2026-05-05 Mattia Cefis , Rodolfo Metulini , Maurizio Carpita

Though athletics statistics are abundant, it is a difficult task to quantitatively compare performances from different events of track, field, and road running in a meaningful way. There are several commonly-used methods, but each has its…

Applications · Statistics 2014-08-27 Brian Godsey

The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a novel summary statistic used by thousands of companies as a key performance indicator of customer loyalty. While adoption of the statistic has grown rapidly over the last decade, there has been little…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-01-28 Brendan Rocks

The problem of evaluating the performance of soccer players is attracting the interest of many companies and the scientific community, thanks to the availability of massive data capturing all the events generated during a match (e.g.,…

This study outlines a light gradient boosted model aimed at predicting shot outcomes in the NHL. The model uses the NHL's spatiotemporal data to account for both the skill of shooters and goaltenders. This approach involves isolating and…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-18 J. T. P. Noel

With the development of measurement technology, data on the movements of actual games in various sports can be obtained and used for planning and evaluating the tactics and strategy. Defense in team sports is generally difficult to be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Kosuke Toda , Masakiyo Teranishi , Keisuke Kushiro , Keisuke Fujii

For some time, point-differential has been thought to be a better predictor for future NBA success than pure win-loss record. Most ranking and team performance predictions rely largely on point-differential, often with some normalizations…

Applications · Statistics 2019-12-04 Samuel Henry