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An important challenge in statistical analysis concerns the control of the finite sample bias of estimators. For example, the maximum likelihood estimator has a bias that can result in a significant inferential loss. This problem is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-11-04 Stéphane Guerrier , Mucyo Karemera , Samuel Orso , Maria-Pia Victoria-Feser

Probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA) seeks a low dimensional representation of a data set in the presence of independent spherical Gaussian noise. The maximum likelihood solution for the model is an eigenvalue problem on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-22 Alfredo Kalaitzis , Neil Lawrence

Based on some new robust estimators of the covariance matrix, we propose stable versions of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and we qualify it independently of the dimension of the ambient space. We first provide a robust estimator of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-11-20 Ilaria Giulini

We propose a novel estimator for the principal component (PC) subspace tailored to the high-dimension, low-sample size (HDLSS) context. The method, termed Adaptive Reference-Guided (ARG) estimator, is designed for data exhibiting spiked…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Dongsun Yoon , Sungkyu Jung

Researchers often have datasets measuring features $x_{ij}$ of samples, such as test scores of students. In factor analysis and PCA, these features are thought to be influenced by unobserved factors, such as skills. Can we determine how…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-16 Edgar Dobriban

A number of settings arise in which it is of interest to predict Principal Component (PC) scores for new observations using data from an initial sample. In this paper, we demonstrate that naive approaches to PC score prediction can be…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-11-14 Seunggeun Lee , Fei Zou , Fred A. Wright

High-dimensional vector autoregressive (VAR) models are important tools for the analysis of multivariate time series. This paper focuses on high-dimensional time series and on the different regularized estimation procedures proposed for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-11 Jonas Krampe , Efstathios Paparoditis

We study the problem of high-dimensional Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with missing observations. In simple, homogeneous missingness settings with a noise level of constant order, we show that an existing inverse-probability weighted…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-07-01 Ziwei Zhu , Tengyao Wang , Richard J. Samworth

Hierarchical panel data models have recently garnered significant attention. This study contributes to the relevant literature by introducing a novel three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical panel data model, which integrates panel regression…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-09-13 Guohua Feng , Jiti Gao , Fei Liu , Bin Peng

We propose a new method for statistical inference in generalized linear models. In the overparameterized regime, Principal Component Regression (PCR) reduces variance by projecting high-dimensional data to a low-dimensional principal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-27 Yixuan Florence Wu , Yilun Zhu , Lei Cao , Naichen Shi

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is the most widely used tool for linear dimensionality reduction and clustering. Still it is highly sensitive to outliers and does not scale well with respect to the number of data samples. Robust PCA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-04-24 Nauman Shahid , Vassilis Kalofolias , Xavier Bresson , Michael Bronstein , Pierre Vandergheynst

Principal component analysis (PCA), the most popular dimension-reduction technique, has been used to analyze high-dimensional data in many areas. It discovers the homogeneity within the data and creates a reduced feature space to capture as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-24 Daning Bi , Le Chang , Yanrong Yang

Principal component analysis (PCA) is traditionally implemented through a covariance or kernel matrix, leading-eigenvector extraction, and hard rank-$k$ projection. These steps can be computationally costly in high-dimensional and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Yewei Yuan , Michele Minervini , Mark M. Wilde , Nana Liu

Missing Not At Random (MNAR) values lead to significant biases in the data, since the probability of missingness depends on the unobserved values.They are ''not ignorable'' in the sense that they often require defining a model for the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-06-11 Aude Sportisse , Claire Boyer , Julie Josse

In high-dimensional classification problems, a commonly used approach is to first project the high-dimensional features into a lower dimensional space, and base the classification on the resulting lower dimensional projections. In this…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-05 Xin Bing , Marten Wegkamp

We introduce a novel covariance estimator for portfolio selection that adapts to the non-stationary or persistent heteroskedastic environments of financial time series by employing exponentially weighted averages and nonlinearly shrinking…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-23 Vincent Tan , Stefan Zohren

Tensor Factor Models (TFM) are appealing dimension reduction tools for high-order large-dimensional tensor time series, and have wide applications in economics, finance and medical imaging. In this paper, we propose a projection estimator…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-03 Matteo Barigozzi , Yong He , Lingxiao Li , Lorenzo Trapani

We study general singular value shrinkage estimators in high-dimensional regression and classification, when the number of features and the sample size both grow proportionally to infinity. We allow models with general covariance matrices…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-01 Panagiotis Lolas

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) aims to find subspaces spanned by the so-called principal components that best represent the variance in the dataset. The deflation method is a popular meta-algorithm that sequentially finds individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Fangshuo Liao , Junhyung Lyle Kim , Cruz Barnum , Anastasios Kyrillidis

In dealing with high-dimensional data, factor models are often used for reducing dimensions and extracting relevant information. The spectrum of covariance matrices from power data exhibits two aspects: 1) bulk, which arises from random…

Applications · Statistics 2019-10-22 Xin Shi , Robert Qiu