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Related papers: Deep Counterfactual Regret Minimization

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In two-player zero-sum games, if both players minimize their average external regret, then the average of the strategy profiles converges to a Nash equilibrium. For n-player general-sum games, however, theoretical guarantees for regret…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-05-02 Richard Gibson

Regret minimization has proved to be a versatile tool for tree-form sequential decision making and extensive-form games. In large two-player zero-sum imperfect-information games, modern extensions of counterfactual regret minimization (CFR)…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

Regret minimization is a powerful tool for solving large-scale extensive-form games. State-of-the-art methods rely on minimizing regret locally at each decision point. In this work we derive a new framework for regret minimization on…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm

High-quality information set abstraction remains a core challenge in solving large-scale imperfect-information extensive-form games (IIEFGs)--such as no-limit Texas Hold'em--where the finite nature of spatial resources hinders solving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yanchang Fu , Shengda Liu , Pei Xu , Kaiqi Huang

Counterfactual regret minimization is a family of algorithms of no-regret learning dynamics capable of solving large-scale imperfect information games. We propose implementing this algorithm as a series of dense and sparse matrix and vector…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Juho Kim

Regret-based algorithms are highly efficient at finding approximate Nash equilibria in sequential games such as poker games. However, most regret-based algorithms, including counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) and its variants, rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Chung-Wei Lee , Christian Kroer , Haipeng Luo

Extensive-form games are a common model for multiagent interactions with imperfect information. In two-player zero-sum games, the typical solution concept is a Nash equilibrium over the unconstrained strategy set for each player. In many…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-07 Trevor Davis , Kevin Waugh , Michael Bowling

Extensive-form games (EFGs) model finite sequential interactions between players. The amount of memory required to represent these games is the main bottleneck of algorithms for computing optimal strategies and the size of these strategies…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Jiri Cermak , Viliam Lisy , Branislav Bosansky

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a family of algorithms for effectively solving imperfect-information games. It decomposes the total regret into counterfactual regrets, utilizing local regret minimization algorithms, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Hang Xu , Kai Li , Bingyun Liu , Haobo Fu , Qiang Fu , Junliang Xing , Jian Cheng

Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) has achieved many fascinating results in solving large-scale Imperfect Information Games (IIGs). Neural network approximation CFR (neural CFR) is one of the promising techniques that can reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Weiming Liu , Bin Li , Julian Togelius

Monte-Carlo counterfactual regret minimization (MCCFR) is the state-of-the-art algorithm for solving sequential games that are too large for full tree traversals. It works by using gradient estimates that can be computed via sampling.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm

Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) is the most popular iterative algorithm for solving zero-sum imperfect-information games. Regret-Based Pruning (RBP) is an improvement that allows poorly-performing actions to be temporarily pruned,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-09-13 Noam Brown , Tuomas Sandholm

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) algorithms are a foundational class of methods for solving imperfect-information games, with the time average of their iterates converging to a Nash equilibrium in two-player zero-sum games. Prior…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Naifeng Zhang , Stephen McAleer , Tuomas Sandholm

The Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) algorithm and its variants have enabled the development of pokerbots capable of beating the best human players in heads-up (1v1) cash games and competing with them in six-player formats. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Narada Maugin , Tristan Cazenave

Monte Carlo Counterfactual Regret Minimization (MCCFR) has emerged as a cornerstone algorithm for solving extensive-form games, but its integration with deep neural networks introduces scale-dependent challenges that manifest differently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zakaria El Jaafari

To establish last-iterate convergence for Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) algorithms in learning a Nash equilibrium (NE) of extensive-form games (EFGs), recent studies reformulate learning an NE of the original EFG as learning the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Linjian Meng , Youzhi Zhang , Zhenxing Ge , Shangdong Yang , Tianyu Ding , Wenbin Li , Tianpei Yang , Bo An , Yang Gao

The CFR framework has been a powerful tool for solving large-scale extensive-form games in practice. However, the theoretical rate at which past CFR-based algorithms converge to the Nash equilibrium is on the order of $O(T^{-1/2})$, where…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-14 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Noam Brown , Tuomas Sandholm

Online game playing algorithms produce high-quality strategies with a fraction of memory and computation required by their offline alternatives. Continual Resolving (CR) is a recent theoretically sound approach to online game playing that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-11 Michal Sustr , Vojtech Kovarik , Viliam Lisy

Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) algorithms are widely used to compute a Nash equilibrium (NE) in two-player zero-sum imperfect-information extensive-form games (IIGs). Among them, Predictive CFR$^+$ (PCFR$^+$) is particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Linjian Meng , Tianpei Yang , Youzhi Zhang , Zhenxing Ge , Yang Gao

Effective action abstraction is crucial in tackling challenges associated with large action spaces in Imperfect Information Extensive-Form Games (IIEFGs). However, due to the vast state space and computational complexity in IIEFGs, existing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Boning Li , Zhixuan Fang , Longbo Huang