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Theoretical linguists have suggested that some languages (e.g., Chinese and Japanese) are "cooler" than other languages based on the observation that the intended meaning of phrases in these languages depends more on their contexts. As a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Yuqi Liu , Guanyi Chen , Kees van Deemter

We present an iterative procedure to build a Chinese language model (LM). We segment Chinese text into words based on a word-based Chinese language model. However, the construction of a Chinese LM itself requires word boundaries. To get out…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Xiaoqiang Luo , Salim Roukos

We present ZhoBLiMP, the largest linguistic minimal pair benchmark for Chinese, with over 100 paradigms, ranging from topicalization to the \textit{Ba} construction. We then train from scratch a suite of Chinese language models (LMs) with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yikang Liu , Yeting Shen , Hongao Zhu , Lilong Xu , Zhiheng Qian , Siyuan Song , Kejia Zhang , Jialong Tang , Pei Zhang , Baosong Yang , Rui Wang , Hai Hu

This article is meant to provide an additional point of view, applying known knowledge, to supply keys that have a series of non-repeating digits, in a manner that is not usually thought of. Traditionally, prime numbers are used in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-07-06 Givon Zirkind

Han Chinese experienced substantial population migrations and admixture in history, yet little is known about the evolutionary process of Chinese dialects. Here, we used phylogenetic approaches and admixture inference to explicitly…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2018-02-19 Meng-Han Zhang , Wu-Yun Pan , Shi Yan , Li Jin

When people mention the number theoretical achievements in Ancient China, the famous Chinese Remainder Theorem always springs to mind. But, two more of them--the concept of primes and the algorithm for counting the greatest common divisor,…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2009-10-05 Shaohua Zhang

The partisans of the hypothesis of the Indian origin of the numerals create confusion between the history of the Indian mathematics and the history of our modern numerals. To argue the thesis of the Indian origin of the numbers they…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2007-07-25 Ahmed Boucenna

To understand what kinds of linguistic knowledge are encoded by pretrained Chinese language models (LMs), we introduce the benchmark of Sino LINGuistics (SLING), which consists of 38K minimal sentence pairs in Mandarin Chinese grouped into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Yixiao Song , Kalpesh Krishna , Rajesh Bhatt , Mohit Iyyer

For any given integer $k\geq 2$ we prove the existence of infinitely many $q$ and characters $ \chi\pmod q$ of order $k$, such that $|L(1,\chi)|\geq (e^{\gamma}+o(1))\log\log q$. We believe this bound to be best possible. When the order $k$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-02-20 Youness Lamzouri

Classical Chinese is a language notable for its word class flexibility: the same word may often be used as a noun or a verb. Bisang (2008) claimed that Classical Chinese is a precategorical language, where the syntactic position of a word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Bai Li

Using an adaptation of Qin Jiushao's method from the 13th century, it is possible to prove that a system of linear modular equations a(i,1) x(i) + ... + a(i,n) x(n) = b(i) mod m(i), i=1, ..., n has integer solutions if m(i)>1 are pairwise…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2012-06-25 Oliver Knill

Language models struggle with handling numerical data and performing arithmetic operations. We hypothesize that this limitation can be partially attributed to non-intuitive textual numbers representation. When a digit is read or generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Eli Schwartz , Leshem Choshen , Joseph Shtok , Sivan Doveh , Leonid Karlinsky , Assaf Arbelle

Contemporary language models are increasingly multilingual, but Chinese LLM developers must navigate complex political and business considerations of language diversity. Language policy in China aims at influencing the public discourse and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Andrea W Wen-Yi , Unso Eun Seo Jo , Lu Jia Lin , David Mimno

With the success of down streaming task using English pre-trained language model, the pre-trained Chinese language model is also necessary to get a better performance of Chinese NLP task. Unlike the English language, Chinese has its special…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Chao Lv , Han Zhang , XinKai Du , Yunhao Zhang , Ying Huang , Wenhao Li , Jia Han , Shanshan Gu

A cryptarithm (or alphametic) is a mathematical puzzle in which numbers are represented with words in such a way that identical letters stand for equal digits and distinct letters for unequal digits. An alphametic puzzle is usually given in…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-29 Dmytro S. Inosov , Emil Vlasák

Until 1973 there was no database of integer sequences. Someone coming across the sequence 1, 2, 4, 9, 21, 51, 127,... would have had no way of discovering that it had been studied since 1870 (today these are called the Motzkin numbers, and…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-01-18 N. J. A. Sloane

In 1969 J. Verhoeff provided the first examples of a decimal error detecting code using a single check digit to provide protection against all single, transposition, and adjacent twin errors. The three codes he presented are length 3-digit…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Larry A. Dunning

Chinese characters have a complex and hierarchical graphical structure carrying both semantic and phonetic information. We use this structure to enhance the text model and obtain better results in standard NLP operations. First of all, to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-05-22 Yannis Haralambous

This paper presents a quantitative approach to studying linguistic and cultural change in China during the first half of the twentieth century, a period that remains understudied in computational humanities research. The dramatic changes in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Spencer Dean Stewart

Recent pretraining models in Chinese neglect two important aspects specific to the Chinese language: glyph and pinyin, which carry significant syntax and semantic information for language understanding. In this work, we propose ChineseBERT,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Zijun Sun , Xiaoya Li , Xiaofei Sun , Yuxian Meng , Xiang Ao , Qing He , Fei Wu , Jiwei Li