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Background: In settings where proof-of-principle trials have succeeded but the effectiveness of different forms of implementation remains uncertain, trials that not only generate information about intervention effects but also provide…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2017-05-16 Guy Harling , Rui Wang , Jukka-Pekka Onnela , Victor De Gruttola

Paired cluster-randomized experiments (pCRTs) are common across many disciplines because there is often natural clustering of individuals, and paired randomization can help balance baseline covariates to improve experimental precision.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-03 Charlotte Z. Mann , Adam C. Sales , Johann A. Gagnon-Bartsch

Computerized adaptive tests (CATs) play a crucial role in educational assessment and diagnostic screening in behavioral health. Unlike traditional linear tests that administer a fixed set of pre-assembled items, CATs adaptively tailor the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Jiguang Li , Robert Gibbons , Veronika Rockova

This paper proposes an adaptive randomization procedure for two-stage randomized controlled trials. The method uses data from a first-wave experiment in order to determine how to stratify in a second wave of the experiment, where the…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-07-06 Max Tabord-Meehan

Recently a new experimental approach, the hybrid experimental design (HED), was introduced to enable investigators to answer scientific questions about building behavioral interventions in which human-delivered and digital components are…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-26 Mengbing Li , Inbal Nahum-Shani , Walter Dempsey

Clinicians and researchers alike are increasingly interested in how best to personalize interventions. A dynamic treatment regimen (DTR) is a sequence of pre-specified decision rules which can be used to guide the delivery of a sequence of…

Restricting randomization in the design of experiments (e.g., using blocking/stratification, pair-wise matching, or rerandomization) can improve the treatment-control balance on important covariates and therefore improve the estimation of…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-11-02 Brian Quistorff , Gentry Johnson

In situations where it is difficult to enroll patients in randomized controlled trials, external data can improve efficiency and feasibility. In such cases, adaptive trial designs could be used to decrease enrollment in the control arm of…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-02 Brian D. Segal , W. Katherine Tan

Item Response Theory (IRT) models aim to assess latent abilities of $n$ examinees along with latent difficulty characteristics of $m$ test items from categorical data that indicates the quality of their corresponding answers. Classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Susanne Frick , Amer Krivošija , Alexander Munteanu

Current approaches to A/B testing in networks focus on limiting interference, the concern that treatment effects can "spill over" from treatment nodes to control nodes and lead to biased causal effect estimation. Prominent methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Zahra Fatemi , Elena Zheleva

Understanding user intent is essential for situational and context-aware decision-making. Motivated by a real-world scenario, this work addresses intent predictions of smart device users in the vicinity of vehicles by modeling sequential…

The industrial application of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is frequently slowed down because of the inability to generate the experience required to train the models. Collecting data often involves considerable time and economic effort…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Lucía Güitta-López , Jaime Boal , Álvaro J. López-López

In many randomized trials, outcomes such as essays or open-ended responses must be manually scored as a preliminary step to impact analysis, a process that is costly and limiting. Model-assisted estimation offers a way to combine surrogate…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-16 Reagan Mozer , Nicole E. Pashley , Luke Miratrix

Imagine you are a teacher attempting to assess a student's level in a particular subject. If you design a test with only hard questions, and the student fails, this mostly proves that the student does not understand the more advanced…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Andrea Barraza-Urbina

Recent developments in sequential experimental design look to construct a policy that can efficiently navigate the design space, in a way that maximises the expected information gain. Whilst there is work on achieving tractable policies for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Yasir Zubayr Barlas , Kizito Salako

Adaptive experiments can increase the chance that current students obtain better outcomes from a field experiment of an instructional intervention. In such experiments, the probability of assigning students to conditions changes while more…

Imitation learning is a promising paradigm for training robot agents; however, standard approaches typically require substantial data acquisition -- via numerous demonstrations or random exploration -- to ensure reliable performance.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Hanbit Oh , Masaki Murooka , Tomohiro Motoda , Ryoichi Nakajo , Yukiyasu Domae

We consider the problem of conditional independence testing: given a response Y and covariates (X,Z), we test the null hypothesis that Y is independent of X given Z. The conditional randomization test (CRT) was recently proposed as a way to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-07 Molei Liu , Eugene Katsevich , Lucas Janson , Aaditya Ramdas

Modern online experimentation faces two bottlenecks: scarce traffic forces tough choices on which variants to test, and post-hoc insight extraction is manual, inconsistent, and often content-agnostic. Meanwhile, organizations underuse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zhengmian Hu , Lei Shi , Ritwik Sinha , Justin Grover , David Arbour

Online controlled experiments, such as A/B-tests, are commonly used by modern tech companies to enable continuous system improvements. Despite their paramount importance, A/B-tests are expensive: by their very definition, a percentage of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Shubham Baweja , Neeti Pokharna , Aleksei Ustimenko , Olivier Jeunen