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While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at temporal reasoning tasks like event ordering and duration estimation, their ability to perceive the actual passage of time remains unexplored. We investigate whether LLMs perceive the passage of…

Living systems exhibit a range of fundamental characteristics: they are active, self-referential, self-modifying systems. This paper explores how these characteristics create challenges for conventional scientific approaches and why they…

Popular hypotheses about the origins of collective adaptation are related to two basic behaviours: protection from predators and a combined search for food resources. Among the anti-predator explanations, the predator confusion hypothesis…

Visual recognition takes a small fraction of a second and relies on the cascade of signals along the ventral visual stream. Given the rapid path through multiple processing steps between photoreceptors and higher visual areas, information…

The activity of neurons within brain circuits has been ubiquitously reported to be correlated. The impact of these correlations on brain function has been extensively investigated. Correlations can in principle increase or decrease the…

Information processing in the brain requires integration of information over time. Such an integration can be achieved if signals are maintained in the network activity for the required period, as quantified by the intrinsic timescale.…

Being able to measure time, whether directly or indirectly, is a significant advantage for an organism. It allows for the timely reaction to regular or predicted events, reducing the pressure for fast processing of sensory input. Thus,…

This paper presents Wanderer, a model of how autonomous adaptive systems coordinate internal biological needs with moment-by-moment assessments of the probabilities of events in the external world. The extent to which Wanderer moves about…

Knowledge about space and time is necessary to solve problems in the physical world: An AI agent situated in the physical world and interacting with objects often needs to reason about positions of and relations between objects; and as soon…

Feedback is crucial to motion perception in animals' visual systems where its spatial and temporal dynamics are often shaped by movement patterns of surrounding environments. However, such spatio-temporal feedback has not been deeply…

Almost all organisms show some kind of time periodicity in their behavior. Especially in mammals the neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus form a biological clock regulating the activity-inactivity cycle of the animal. This clock is…

The interplay between circadian and reward function is well understood in animal models, and is of growing interest as an aetiological explanation in psychopathologies. Circadian modulation of reward function has been demonstrated in human…

Human beings and other vertebrates show remarkable performance and efficiency in locomotion, but the functioning of their biological control systems for locomotion is still only partially understood. The basic patterns and timing for…

The nervous system represents time-dependent signals in sequences of discrete action potentials or spikes, all spikes are identical so that information is carried only in the spike arrival times. We show how to quantify this information, in…

Interactions in nature can be described by their coupling strength, direction of coupling and coupling function. The coupling strength and directionality are relatively well understood and studied, at least for two interacting systems,…

Biological intelligence is inherently adaptive -- animals continually adjust their actions based on environmental feedback. However, creating adaptive artificial intelligence (AI) remains a major challenge. The next frontier is to go beyond…

Learning analytics has begun to use physiological signals because these have been linked with learners' cognitive and affective states. These signals, when interpreted through machine learning techniques, offer a nuanced understanding of…

Sensory stimuli are usually composed of different features (the what) appearing at irregular times (the when). Neural responses often use spike patterns to represent sensory information. The what is hypothesized to be encoded in the…

Brains can process sensory information from different modalities at astonishing speed; this is surprising as the integration of inputs through the membrane of each individual neuron already causes a delayed response. Neuronal recordings…

Based upon physiological observation on time dependent orientation selectivity in the cells of macaque's primary visual cortex together with the psychophysical studies on the tuning of orientation detectors in human vision we suggest that…