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Background: The existence of toxic conversations in open-source platforms can degrade relationships among software developers and may negatively impact software product quality. To help mitigate this, some initial work has been done to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Jaydeb Saker , Sayma Sultana , Steven R. Wilson , Amiangshu Bosu

Toxic comments are the top form of hate and harassment experienced online. While many studies have investigated the types of toxic comments posted online, the effects that such content has on people, and the impact of potential defenses, no…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Deepak Kumar , Jeff Hancock , Kurt Thomas , Zakir Durumeric

Hate speech is a widespread and harmful form of online discourse, encompassing slurs and defamatory posts that can have serious social, psychological, and sometimes physical impacts on targeted individuals and communities. As social media…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Santosh Chapagain , Shah Muhammad Hamdi , Soukaina Filali Boubrahimi

Internet memes have become a dominant method of communication; at the same time, however, they are also increasingly being used to advocate extremism and foster derogatory beliefs. Nonetheless, we do not have a firm understanding as to…

The widespread use of offensive content in social media has led to an abundance of research in detecting language such as hate speech, cyberbullying, and cyber-aggression. Recent work presented the OLID dataset, which follows a taxonomy for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Sara Rosenthal , Pepa Atanasova , Georgi Karadzhov , Marcos Zampieri , Preslav Nakov

Computational social science research has made advances in machine learning and natural language processing that support content moderators in detecting harmful content. These advances often rely on training datasets annotated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Angela Schöpke-Gonzalez , Siqi Wu , Sagar Kumar , Paul J. Resnick , Libby Hemphill

Memes, as a widely used mode of online communication, often serve as vehicles for spreading harmful content. However, limitations in data accessibility and the high costs of dataset curation hinder the development of robust meme moderation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Subhankar Swain , Naquee Rizwan , Vishwa Gangadhar S , Nayandeep Deb , Animesh Mukherjee

For more than a decade now, academicians and online platform administrators have been studying solutions to the problem of bot detection. Bots are computer algorithms whose use is far from being benign: malicious bots are purposely created…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Rocco De Nicola , Marinella Petrocchi , Manuel Pratelli

SemEval-2019 Task 6 (Zampieri et al., 2019b) requires us to identify and categorise offensive language in social media. In this paper we will describe the process we took to tackle this challenge. Our process is heavily inspired by Sosa…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Ryan Ong

In today's digital world, social media plays a significant role in facilitating communication and content sharing. However, the exponential rise in user-generated content has led to challenges in maintaining a respectful online environment.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Mohammad Dehghani

The detection of sensitive content in large datasets is crucial for ensuring that shared and analysed data is free from harmful material. However, current moderation tools, such as external APIs, suffer from limitations in customisation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Dimosthenis Antypas , Indira Sen , Carla Perez-Almendros , Jose Camacho-Collados , Francesco Barbieri

During the 2016 US elections Twitter experienced unprecedented levels of propaganda and fake news through the collaboration of bots and hired persons, the ramifications of which are still being debated. This work proposes an approach to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-11-30 Erdem Beğenilmiş , Suzan Üsküdarlı

Software Engineering (SE) communities such as Stack Overflow have become unwelcoming, particularly through members' use of offensive language. Research has shown that offensive language drives users away from active engagement within these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Jithin Cheriyan , Bastin Tony Roy Savarimuthu , Stephen Cranefield

The spread of hate speech on social media space is currently a serious issue. The undemanding access to the enormous amount of information being generated on these platforms has led people to post and react with toxic content that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Abhishek Velankar , Hrushikesh Patil , Raviraj Joshi

The Perspective API, a popular text toxicity assessment service by Google and Jigsaw, has found wide adoption in several application areas, notably content moderation, monitoring, and social media research. We examine its potentials and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Helena Mihaljević , Elisabeth Steffen

The growing incidents of counterfeiting and associated economic and health consequences necessitate the development of active surveillance systems capable of producing timely and reliable information for all stake holders in the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2015-10-20 Haruna Isah , Daniel Neagu , Paul Trundle

The spread of election misinformation and harmful political content conveys misleading narratives and poses a serious threat to democratic integrity. Detecting harmful content at early stages is essential for understanding and potentially…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Qile Wang , Prerana Khatiwada , Carolina Coimbra Vieira , Benjamin E. Bagozzi , Kenneth E. Barner , Matthew Louis Mauriello

Although automated harmful content detection systems are frequently used to monitor online platforms, moderators and end users frequently cannot understand the logic underlying their predictions. While recent studies have focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Trishita Dhara , Siddhesh Sheth

Hateful rhetoric is plaguing online discourse, fostering extreme societal movements and possibly giving rise to real-world violence. A potential solution to this growing global problem is citizen-generated counter speech where citizens…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Joshua Garland , Keyan Ghazi-Zahedi , Jean-Gabriel Young , Laurent Hébert-Dufresne , Mirta Galesic

Toxic speech, also known as hate speech, is regarded as one of the crucial issues plaguing online social media today. Most recent work on toxic speech detection is constrained to the modality of text and written conversations with very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Sreyan Ghosh , Samden Lepcha , S Sakshi , Rajiv Ratn Shah , S. Umesh