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The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) provides a fundamental mechanism for emergent statistical mechanics in isolated chaotic quantum systems, asserting that individual energy eigenstates behave as pseudorandom vectors within an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Ning Sun , Yanting Cheng

We reconsider the non-equilibrium dynamics of closed quantum systems. In particular we focus on the thermalization of integrable systems. Here we show how the generalized Gibbs Ensemble (GGE) can be constructed as the best approximation to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-11 Dries Sels , Michiel Wouters

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH), which dictates that all diagonal matrix elements within a small energy shell be almost equal, is a major candidate to explain thermalization in isolated quantum systems. According to the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-02-27 Ryusuke Hamazaki , Masahito Ueda

We ask whether the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) is valid in a strong sense: in the limit of an infinite system, {\it every} eigenstate is thermal. We examine expectation values of few-body operators in highly-excited many-body…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-11-13 Hyungwon Kim , Tatsuhiko N. Ikeda , David A. Huse

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) posits that the reduced density matrix for a subsystem corresponding to an excited eigenstate is "thermal." Here we expound on this hypothesis by asking: for which class of operators, local or…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2018-05-02 James R. Garrison , Tarun Grover

Thermalization of a closed chaotic quantum system is commonly addressed in terms of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH). An alternative approach uses the Bohigas-Giannoni-Schmit (BGS) conjecture. The comparison shows that the two…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Hans A. Weidenmüller

By calculating correlation functions for the Lieb-Liniger model based on the algebraic Bethe ansatz method, we conduct a finite-size scaling analysis of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) which is considered to be a possible…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-04-06 Tatsuhiko N. Ikeda , Yu Watanabe , Masahito Ueda

In generic classical and quantum many-body systems, where typically energy and particle number are the only conserved quantities, stationary states are described by thermal equilibrium. In contrast, integrable systems showcase an infinite…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2026-01-13 Alvise Bastianello , Alexey Tikan , Francois Copie , Stephane Randoux , Pierre Suret

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) is a successful theory that establishes the criteria for ergodicity and thermalization in isolated quantum many-body systems. In this work, we investigate the thermalization properties of…

Significant attention has been devoted to the problem of thermalization of observables in isolated quantum setups by individual eigenstates. Here, we address this issue from an open quantum system perspective, examining an isolated setup…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-15 Krzysztof Ptaszynski , Massimiliano Esposito

This review gives a pedagogical introduction to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH), its basis, and its implications to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. In the first part, ETH is introduced as a natural extension of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-08-02 Luca D'Alessio , Yariv Kafri , Anatoli Polkovnikov , Marcos Rigol

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) has been highly influential in explaining thermodynamic behavior of closed quantum systems. As of yet, it is unclear whether and how the ETH applies to non-Hermitian systems. Here, we introduce…

When a non-integrable system evolves out of equilibrium for a long time, local observables are expected to attain stationary expectation values, independent of the details of the initial state. However, intriguing experimental results with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-05-17 Mari Carmen Bañuls , J. Ignacio Cirac , Matthew B. Hastings

Quantum superposition of energy eigenstates can appear autonomously in a single quantum two-level system coupled to a low-temperature thermal bath, if such coupling has a proper composite nature. We propose here a principally different and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-18 Michal Kolář , Radim Filip

We report an example of a many-body system, derived from the double kicked top (DKT), with non-chaotic yet mean-ergodic dynamics that displays \textit{strong} eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) in the quantum regime. The analysis…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-26 Avadhut V. Purohit , Harshit Sharma , Udaysinh T. Bhosale

We consider a quantum system A U B made up of degrees of freedom that can be partitioned into spatially disjoint regions A and B. When the full system is in a pure state in which regions A and B are entangled, the quantum mechanics of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-11-27 Vedika Khemani , Anushya Chandran , Hyungwon Kim , S. L. Sondhi

We study quantum quenches between integrable and nonintegrable hard-core boson models in the thermodynamic limit with numerical linked cluster expansions. We show that while quenches in which the initial state is a thermal equilibrium state…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-03-11 Marcos Rigol

The validity of the ergodic hypothesis in quantum systems can be rephrased in the form of the eigenstate thermalisation hypothesis (ETH), a set of statistical properties for the matrix elements of local observables in energy eigenstates,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-10-16 Miha Srdinšek , Tomaž Prosen , Spyros Sotiriadis

We investigate the extent to which the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis~(ETH) is valid or violated in the non-integrable and the integrable spin-$1/2$ XXZ chain. We perform the energy-resolved analysis of the statistical properties of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-02-03 Jae Dong Noh

Work extraction from the Gibbs ensemble by a cyclic operation is impossible, as represented by the second law of thermodynamics. On the other hand, the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) states that just a single energy eigenstate…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-04-03 Kazuya Kaneko , Eiki Iyoda , Takahiro Sagawa