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Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer electronic payment system that has rapidly grown in popularity in recent years. Usually, the complete history of Bitcoin blockchain data must be queried to acquire variables with economic meaning. This task has…

General Economics · Economics 2025-08-11 Yulin Liu , Luyao Zhang , Yinhong Zhao

In recent years, cryptocurrencies have attracted growing attention from both private investors and institutions. Among them, Bitcoin stands out for its impressive volatility and widespread influence. This paper explores the predictability…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-04-29 Grégory Bournassenko

Transaction fee plays an important role in determining the priority of transaction processing in public blockchain systems. Owing to the observability of unconfirmed transactions, a strategic user can postpone his transaction broadcasting…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Qianlan Bai , Yuedong Xu , Zhijian Zhou , Xin Wang

We describe a plausible probabilistic model for a blockchain queueing environment in which rational, profit-maximising schedulers impose adversarial disciplines on incoming messages containing a payload that encodes a state transition in a…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-02-17 Andrew W. Macpherson

A major challenge in blockchain sharding protocols is that more than 95% transactions are cross-shard. Not only those cross-shard transactions degrade the system throughput but also double the confirmation time, and exhaust an already…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Lan N. Nguyen , Truc Nguyen , Thang N. Dinh , My T. Thai

The development of clustering heuristics has demonstrated that Bitcoin is not completely anonymous. Currently, existing clustering heuristics only consider confirmed transactions recorded in the Bitcoin blockchain. However, unconfirmed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Kai Wang , Maike Tong , Changhao Wu , Jun Pang , Chen Chen , Xiapu Luo , Weili Han

We prove Bitcoin is secure under temporary dishonest majority. We assume the adversary can corrupt a specific fraction of parties and also introduce crash failures, i.e., some honest participants are offline during the execution of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-02 Georgia Avarikioti , Lukas Kaeppeli , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

Bitcoin is a electronic payment system where payment transactions are verified and stored in a data structure called the blockchain. Bitcoin miners work individually to solve a computationally intensive problem, and with each solution a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-24 R. Bowden , H. P. Keeler , A. E. Krzesinski , P. G. Taylor

Distributed ledgers are common in the industry. Some of them can use blockchains as their underlying infrastructure. A blockchain requires participants to agree on its contents. This can be achieved via a consensus protocol, and several BFT…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-11-13 J. D. Chan , Y. C. Tay , Brian R. Z. Yen

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that features a distributed, decentralized and trustworthy mechanism, which has made Bitcoin a popular global transaction platform. The transaction efficiency among nations and the privacy benefiting from address…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Yu-Jing Lin , Po-Wei Wu , Cheng-Han Hsu , I-Ping Tu , Shih-wei Liao

In this paper, we study the ability to make the short-term prediction of the exchange price fluctuations towards the United States dollar for the Bitcoin market. We use the data of realized volatility collected from one of the largest…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-08 Tian Guo , Albert Bifet , Nino Antulov-Fantulin

Blockchain enables peer-to-peer transactions in cyberspace without a trusted third party. The rapid growth of Ethereum and smart contract blockchains generally calls for well-designed Transaction Fee Mechanisms (TFMs) to allocate limited…

General Economics · Economics 2023-05-05 Luyao Zhang , Fan Zhang

This paper investigates how pricing schemes can achieve efficient allocations in blockchain systems featuring multiple transaction queues under a global capacity constraint. I model a capacity-constrained blockchain where users submit…

General Economics · Economics 2025-02-26 Abdoulaye Ndiaye

Bitcoin uses blockchain technology to maintain transactions order and provides probabilistic guarantee to prevent double-spending, assuming that an attacker's computational power does not exceed %50 of the network power. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Ghader Ebrahimpour , Mohammad Sayad Haghighi

Blockchain and blockchain-inspired decentralized applications are on the rise thanks to their unique characteristics such as their decentralized nature, anonymity, and tamper-proof nature; however, blockchain transactions tend to experience…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yi Lyu

We analyze how secure a block is after the block becomes $k$-deep, i.e., security-latency, for Nakamoto consensus under an exponential network delay model. We provide the fault tolerance and extensive bounds on safety violation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Mustafa Doger , Sennur Ulukus

Most online lotteries today fail to ensure the verifiability of the random process and rely on a trusted third party. This issue has received little attention since the emergence of distributed protocols like Bitcoin that demonstrated the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Stéphane Grumbach , Robert Riemann

Bitcoin is a digital currency and electronic payment system operating over a peer-to-peer network on the Internet. One of its most important properties is the high level of anonymity it provides for its users. The users are identified by…

Applications · Statistics 2019-04-12 Péter L. Juhász , József Stéger , Dániel Kondor , Gábor Vattay

A proof of the security of the Bitcoin protocol is made rigorous, and simplified in certain parts. A computational model in which an adversary can delay transmission of blocks by time $\Delta$ is considered. The protocol is generalized to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Christopher Blake , Chen Feng , Xuechao Wang , Qianyu Yu

Payment channel networks (PCNs) have emerged as a scalability solution for blockchains built on the concept of a payment channel: a setting that allows two nodes to safely transact between themselves in high frequencies based on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-01 Nikolaos Papadis , Leandros Tassiulas