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Applied work often studies the effect of a binary variable ("treatment") using linear models with additive effects. I study the interpretation of the OLS estimands in such models when treatment effects are heterogeneous. I show that the…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-05-21 Tymon Słoczyński

Concerning bivariate least squares linear regression, the classical approach pursued for functional models in earlier attempts is reviewed using a new formalism in terms of deviation (matrix) traces. Within the framework of classical error…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2011-03-08 R. Caimmi

We prove that the ordinary least-squares (OLS) estimator attains nearly minimax optimal performance for the identification of linear dynamical systems from a single observed trajectory. Our upper bound relies on a generalization of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-25 Max Simchowitz , Horia Mania , Stephen Tu , Michael I. Jordan , Benjamin Recht

This study investigated the problem posed by using ordinary least squares (OLS) to estimate parameters of simple linear regression under a specific context of special relativity, where an independent variable is restricted to an open…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2020-06-01 Si Hyung Joo

The log transformation is widely used in linear regression, mainly because coefficients are interpretable as proportional effects. Yet this practice has fundamental limitations, most notably that the log is undefined at zero, creating an…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-09-22 David Benatia , Christophe Bellégo , Louis Pape

In this paper we study the least squares (LS) estimator in a linear panel regression model with unknown number of factors appearing as interactive fixed effects. Assuming that the number of factors used in estimation is larger than the true…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-04 Hyungsik Roger Moon , Martin Weidner

The conditional logit model is a standard workhorse approach to estimating customers' product feature preferences using choice data. Using these models at scale, however, can result in numerical imprecision and optimization failure due to a…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-12-16 Philip Erickson

We reassess the use of linear models to approximate response probabilities of binary outcomes, focusing on average partial effects (APE). We confirm that linear projection parameters coincide with APEs in certain scenarios. Through…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-10-19 Kaicheng Chen , Robert S. Martin , Jeffrey M. Wooldridge

For multiple treatments D=0,1,...,J, covariates X and outcome Y, the ordinary least squares estimator (OLS) of Y on (D1,...,DJ,X) is widely applied to a constant-effect linear model, where Dj is the dummy variable for D=j. However, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-14 Myoungjae Lee

Ordinary least squares (OLS) is the default method for fitting linear models, but is not applicable for problems with dimensionality larger than the sample size. For these problems, we advocate the use of a generalized version of OLS…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-06-17 Xiangyu Wang , David Dunson , Chenlei Leng

After performing a randomized experiment, researchers often use ordinary-least squares (OLS) regression to adjust for baseline covariates when estimating the average treatment effect. It is widely known that the resulting confidence…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-27 Kevin Guo , Guillaume Basse

I show that ordinary least squares (OLS) predictions can be rewritten as the output of a restricted attention module, akin to those forming the backbone of large language models. This connection offers an alternative perspective on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Philippe Goulet Coulombe

We consider fixed effects binary choice models with a fixed number of periods $T$ and regressors without a large support. If the time-varying unobserved terms are i.i.d. with known distribution $F$, \cite{chamberlain2010} shows that the…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-09-30 Laurent Davezies , Xavier D'Haultfoeuille , Martin Mugnier

We study the estimation of causal effects on group-level parameters identified from microdata (e.g., child penalties). We demonstrate that standard one-step methods (such as pooled OLS and IV regressions) are generally inconsistent due to…

General Economics · Economics 2026-01-13 Dmitry Arkhangelsky , Kazuharu Yanagimoto , Tom Zohar

The panel data regression models have gained increasing attention in different areas of research including but not limited to econometrics, environmental sciences, epidemiology, behavioral and social sciences. However, the presence of…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-24 Beste Hamiye Beyaztas , Soutir Bandyopadhyay

This paper studies a dynamic ordered logit model for panel data with fixed effects. The main contribution of the paper is to construct a set of valid moment conditions that are free of the fixed effects. The moment functions can be computed…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-04-10 Bo E. Honoré , Chris Muris , Martin Weidner

We propose logit-based IV and augmented logit-based IV estimators that serve as alternatives to the traditionally used 2SLS estimator in the model where both the endogenous treatment variable and the corresponding instrument are binary. Our…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-19 Denis Chetverikov , Jinyong Hahn , Zhipeng Liao , Shuyang Sheng

We consider linear mixed models in which the observations are grouped. A L1-penalization on the fixed effects coefficients of the log-likelihood obtained by considering the random effects as missing values is proposed. A multicycle ECM…

Computation · Statistics 2013-01-29 Florian Rohart , Magali San-Cristobal , Béatrice Laurent

Estimation and inference in statistics pose significant challenges when data are collected adaptively. Even in linear models, the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimator may fail to exhibit asymptotic normality for single coordinate…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-10-31 Licong Lin , Mufang Ying , Suvrojit Ghosh , Koulik Khamaru , Cun-Hui Zhang

Ordinal measurements are common outcomes in studies within psychology, as well as in the social and behavioral sciences. Choosing an appropriate regression model for analysing such data poses a difficult task. This paper aims to facilitate…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-03 Stefan Inerle , Markus Pauly , Moritz Berger