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Interpreting the inference-time behavior of deep neural networks remains a challenging problem. Existing approaches to counterfactual explanation typically ask: What is the closest alternative input that would alter the model's prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Brian Hyeongseok Kim , Jacqueline L. Mitchell , Chao Wang

Fairness is becoming a rising concern w.r.t. machine learning model performance. Especially for sensitive fields such as criminal justice and loan decision, eliminating the prediction discrimination towards a certain group of population…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Xiaoqian Wang , Heng Huang

Undertaking causal inference with observational data is incredibly useful across a wide range of tasks including the development of medical treatments, advertisements and marketing, and policy making. There are two significant challenges…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-19 Matthew James Vowels , Necati Cihan Camgoz , Richard Bowden

Algorithms learned from data are increasingly used for deciding many aspects in our life: from movies we see, to prices we pay, or medicine we get. Yet there is growing evidence that decision making by inappropriately trained algorithms may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-03 Indre Zliobaite

We study the problem of deriving policies, or rules, that when enacted on a complex system, cause a desired outcome. Absent the ability to perform controlled experiments, such rules have to be inferred from past observations of the system's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Kailash Budhathoki , Mario Boley , Jilles Vreeken

Bipartite experiments are a recent object of study in causal inference, whereby treatment is applied to one set of units and outcomes of interest are measured on a different set of units. These experiments are particularly useful in…

In settings where Machine Learning (ML) algorithms automate or inform consequential decisions about people, individual decision subjects are often incentivized to strategically modify their observable attributes to receive more favorable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Keegan Harris , Daniel Ngo , Logan Stapleton , Hoda Heidari , Zhiwei Steven Wu

Higher educational institutions constantly look for ways to meet students' needs and support them through graduation. Recent work in the field of learning analytics have developed methods for grade prediction and course recommendations.…

Applications · Statistics 2019-06-12 Prableen Kaur , Agoritsa Polyzou , George Karypis

Presence of bias (in datasets or tasks) is inarguably one of the most critical challenges in machine learning applications that has alluded to pivotal debates in recent years. Such challenges range from spurious associations between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Ehsan Adeli , Qingyu Zhao , Adolf Pfefferbaum , Edith V. Sullivan , Li Fei-Fei , Juan Carlos Niebles , Kilian M. Pohl

Bias is known to be an impediment to fair decisions in many domains such as human resources, the public sector, health care etc. Recently, hope has been expressed that the use of machine learning methods for taking such decisions would…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Jindong Gu , Daniela Oelke

Causal modeling provides us with powerful counterfactual reasoning and interventional mechanism to generate predictions and reason under various what-if scenarios. However, causal discovery using observation data remains a nontrivial task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Jawad Chowdhury , Rezaur Rashid , Gabriel Terejanu

Deep Learning models have shown success in a large variety of tasks by extracting correlation patterns from high-dimensional data but still struggle when generalizing out of their initial distribution. As causal engines aim to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Gaël Gendron , Michael Witbrock , Gillian Dobbie

Causal inference is a science with multi-disciplinary evolution and applications. On the one hand, it measures effects of treatments in observational data based on experimental designs and rigorous statistical inference to draw causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-05 Jingying Zeng , Run Wang

Behavioral cloning reduces policy learning to supervised learning by training a discriminative model to predict expert actions given observations. Such discriminative models are non-causal: the training procedure is unaware of the causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Pim de Haan , Dinesh Jayaraman , Sergey Levine

Causal discovery has been widely studied, yet many existing methods rely on strong assumptions or fall into two extremes: either depending on costly interventional signals or partial ground truth as strong priors, or adopting purely data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Wenbo Xu , Yue He , Yunhai Wang , Xingxuan Zhang , Kun Kuang , Yueguo Chen , Peng Cui

The task of inferring high-level causal variables from low-level observations, commonly referred to as causal representation learning, is fundamentally underconstrained. As such, recent works to address this problem focus on various…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-26 Simon Bing , Urmi Ninad , Jonas Wahl , Jakob Runge

Identifying causal treatment (or exposure) effects in observational studies requires the data to satisfy the unconfoundedness assumption which is not testable using the observed data. With sensitivity analysis, one can determine how the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-31 Yang Ou , Lu Tang , Chung-Chou H. Chang

We provide explicit, finite-sample guarantees for learning causal representations from data with a sublinear number of environments. Causal representation learning seeks to provide a rigourous foundation for the general representation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-30 Inbeom Lee , Tongtong Jin , Bryon Aragam

Causal inference is often portrayed as fundamentally distinct from predictive modeling, with its own terminology, goals, and intellectual challenges. But at its core, causal inference is simply a structured instance of prediction under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Carlos Fernández-Loría

Machine learning models often make predictions based on biased features such as gender, race, and other social attributes, posing significant fairness risks, especially in societal applications, such as hiring, banking, and criminal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Yi Zhang , Dongyuan Lu , Jitao Sang