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Evaluating generative adversarial networks (GANs) is inherently challenging. In this paper, we revisit several representative sample-based evaluation metrics for GANs, and address the problem of how to evaluate the evaluation metrics. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Qiantong Xu , Gao Huang , Yang Yuan , Chuan Guo , Yu Sun , Felix Wu , Kilian Weinberger

The machine learning community has mainly relied on real data to benchmark algorithms as it provides compelling evidence of model applicability. Evaluation on synthetic datasets can be a powerful tool to provide a better understanding of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Florence Regol , Anja Kroon , Mark Coates

We conduct a large-scale, systematic study to evaluate the existing evaluation methods for natural language generation in the context of generating online product reviews. We compare human-based evaluators with a variety of automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Cristina Garbacea , Samuel Carton , Shiyan Yan , Qiaozhu Mei

Styled handwriting generation aims to synthesize handwritten text that looks both realistic and aligned with a specific writer's style. While recent approaches involving GAN, transformer and diffusion-based models have made progress, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Sajjan Acharya , Rajendra Baskota

The increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) has raised serious concerns about their reliability and trustworthiness. As a result, a growing body of research focuses on evidence-based text generation with LLMs, aiming to link…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Tobias Schreieder , Tim Schopf , Michael Färber

Currently, knowledge discovery in databases is an essential step to identify valid, novel and useful patterns for decision making. There are many real-world scenarios, such as bankruptcy prediction, option pricing or medical diagnosis,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-20 José-Ramón Cano , Pedro Antonio Gutiérrez , Bartosz Krawczyk , Michał Woźniak , Salvador García

Current benchmarks for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) often do not exhibit enough writing style diversity, with many adhering primarily to standardized conventions. Such benchmarks do not fully capture the rich variety of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Kimberly Le Truong , Riccardo Fogliato , Hoda Heidari , Zhiwei Steven Wu

Providing timely and individualised feedback on handwritten student work is highly beneficial for learning but difficult to achieve at scale. This challenge has become more pressing as generative AI undermines the reliability of take-home…

Deep learning expresses a category of machine learning algorithms that have the capability to combine raw inputs into intermediate features layers. These deep learning algorithms have demonstrated great results in different fields. Deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Sukhdeep Singh , Sudhir Rohilla , Anuj Sharma

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) has become an essential field within pattern recognition and machine learning, with applications spanning historical document preservation to modern data entry and accessibility solutions. The complexity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Carlos Garrido-Munoz , Antonio Rios-Vila , Jorge Calvo-Zaragoza

Motion generation, the task of synthesizing realistic motion sequences from various conditioning inputs, has become a central problem in computer vision, computer graphics, and robotics, with applications ranging from animation and virtual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Aliasghar Khani , Arianna Rampini , Bruno Roy , Larasika Nadela , Noa Kaplan , Evan Atherton , Derek Cheung , Jacky Bibliowicz

Current evaluation metrics for language modeling and generation rely heavily on the accuracy of predicted (or generated) words as compared to a reference ground truth. While important, token-level accuracy only captures one aspect of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Shiran Dudy , Steven Bedrick

Good generative models should not only synthesize high quality data, but also utilize interpretable representations that aid human understanding of their behavior. However, it is difficult to measure objectively if and to what degree…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Daniel Galperin , Ullrich Köthe

Handwriting of Chinese has long been an important skill in East Asia. However, automatic generation of handwritten Chinese characters poses a great challenge due to the large number of characters. Various machine learning techniques have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Bo Chang , Qiong Zhang , Shenyi Pan , Lili Meng

Virtual human animations have a wide range of applications in virtual and augmented reality. While automatic generation methods of animated virtual humans have been developed, assessing their quality remains challenging. Recently,…

Graphics · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Rim Rekik , Stefanie Wuhrer , Ludovic Hoyet , Katja Zibrek , Anne-Hélène Olivier

The digitization of historical manuscripts presents significant challenges for Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) systems, particularly when dealing with small, author-specific collections that diverge from the training data distributions.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Vittorio Pippi , Konstantina Nikolaidou , Silvia Cascianelli , George Retsinas , Giorgos Sfikas , Rita Cucchiara , Marcus Liwicki

This paper introduces the Procedural Content Generation Benchmark for evaluating generative algorithms on different game content creation tasks. The benchmark comes with 12 game-related problems with multiple variants on each problem.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Ahmed Khalifa , Roberto Gallotta , Matthew Barthet , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Machine learning workflow development is anecdotally regarded to be an iterative process of trial-and-error with humans-in-the-loop. However, we are not aware of quantitative evidence corroborating this popular belief. A quantitative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Doris Xin , Litian Ma , Shuchen Song , Aditya Parameswaran

Machine learning research increasingly bifurcates into two disconnected modes: benchmark-driven engineering that prioritizes metrics over understanding, and idealized theory that often fails to transfer to modern systems. In this position…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jairo Diaz-Rodriguez

Performance metrics (error measures) are vital components of the evaluation frameworks in various fields. The intention of this study was to overview of a variety of performance metrics and approaches to their classification. The main goal…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-29 Alexei Botchkarev