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Numerical methods are widely used to calculate the secure key rate of many quantum key distribution protocols in practice, but they consume many computing resources and are too time-consuming. In this work, we take the homodyne detection…

The maximum distance of quantum communication is limited due to the photon loss and detector noise. Exploiting entanglement swapping, quantum relay could offer ways to extend the achievable distance by increasing the signal to noise ratio.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 An-Ning Zhang , Yu-Ao Chen , Chao-Yang Lu , Xiao-Qi Zhou , Zhi Zhao , Qiang Zhang , Tao Yang , Jian-Wei Pan

In this work, we present a reliable, efficient, and tight numerical method for calculating key rates for finite-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. We illustrate our approach by finding higher key rates than those…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-30 Adam Winick , Norbert Lütkenhaus , Patrick J. Coles

The goal of this paper is to extend the framework of finite size analysis recently developed for quantum key distribution to continuous-variable protocols. We do not solve this problem completely here, and we mainly consider the finite size…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-06-29 Anthony Leverrier , Frédéric Grosshans , Philippe Grangier

It is known that preprocessing noise may boost quantum key distribution by expanding the range of values of tolerated noise. For BB84, adding trusted noise may allow the generation of secret keys even for qubit error rate (QBER) beyond the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Gabriele Staffieri , Giuseppe D'Ambruoso , Giovanni Scala , Cosmo Lupo

We study the impact of the finite-size effect on the continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI QKD) protocol, mainly considering the finite-size effect on the parameter estimation procedure. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-07 Xueying Zhang , Yi-Chen Zhang , Yijia Zhao , Xiangyu Wang , Song Yu , Hong Guo

As quantum key distribution becomes a mature technology, it appears clearly that some assumptions made in the security proofs cannot be justified in practical implementations. This might open the door to possible side-channel attacks. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-05 Paul Jouguet , Sébastien Kunz-Jacques , Eleni Diamanti , Anthony Leverrier

Quantum continuous variables are being explored as an alternative means to implement quantum key distribution, which is usually based on single photon counting. The former approach is potentially advantageous because it should enable higher…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 F. Grosshans , G. Van Assche , J. Wenger , R. Brouri , N. J. Cerf , Ph. Grangier

We provide a security analysis for continuous variable quantum key distribution protocols based on the transmission of squeezed vacuum states measured via homodyne detection. We employ a version of the entropic uncertainty relation for…

Free-space quantum cryptography has the potential to enable global quantum communication. However, most existing continuous-variable quantum secret sharing (CV-QSS) schemes rely on fiber channels. In this paper, we present a CV-QSS protocol…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Fangli Yang , Liang Chang , Daowen Qiu , Minghua Pan , Wanjun Xiong

Future global quantum communication networks, or quantum Internet, will realize high-rate secure communication and entanglement distribution for large-scale users over long distances. Continuous variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Zhiyue Zuo , Masoud Ghalaii , Stefano Pirandola

The value of residual phase noise, after phase compensation, is one of the key limitations of performance improvement for continuous-variable quantum key distribution using a local local oscillator (LLO CV-QKD) system, since it is the major…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-22 Yun Shao , Heng Wang , Yaodi Pi , Wei Huang , Yang Li , Jinlu Liu , Jie Yang , Yichen Zhang , Bingjie Xu

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution holds the potential to generate high secret key rates, making it a prime candidate for high-rate metropolitan quantum network applications. However, despite these promising opportunities, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-20 Mingze Wu , Yan Pan , Junhui Li , Heng Wang , Lu Fan , Yun Shao , Yang Li , Wei Huang , Song Yu , Bingjie Xu , Yichen Zhang

Quantum physics allows for unconditionally secure communication through insecure communication channels. The achievable rates of quantum-secured communication are fundamentally limited by the laws of quantum physics and in particular by the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-16 Cosmo Lupo , Seth Lloyd

We designed high-efficiency error correcting codes allowing to extract an errorless secret key in a continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol using a Gaussian modulation of coherent states and a homodyne detection. These codes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-30 Paul Jouguet , Sébastien Kunz-Jacques , Anthony Leverrier

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables two remote parties to establish information-theoretically secure keys and offers high practical feasibility due to its compatibility with mature coherent optical communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-18 Yanhao Sun , Jiayu Ma , Xiangyu Wang , Song Yu , Ziyang Chen , Hong Guo

We study the robustness of quantum key distribution protocols using discrete or continuous variables to the channel noise. We introduce the model of such noise based on coupling of the signal to a thermal reservoir, typical for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-12 Mikołaj Lasota , Radim Filip , Vladyslav C. Usenko

Integrating quantum key distribution (QKD) with classical data transmission over the same fiber is crucial for scalable quantum-secured communication. However, noise from classical channels limits QKD distance. We demonstrate the…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) aims to generate secure private keys shared by two remote parties. With its security being protected by principles of quantum mechanics, some technology challenges remain towards practical application of QKD.…

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution holds the potential to generate high secret key rates, making it a prime candidate for high-rate metropolitan quantum network applications. However, despite these promising opportunities, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Mingze Wu , Yan Pan , Junhui Li , Heng Wang , Lu Fan , Yun Shao , Yang Li , Wei Huang , Song Yu , Bingjie Xu , Yichen Zhang