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English research articles (RAs) are an essential genre in academia, so the attempts to employ NLP to assist the development of academic writing ability have received considerable attention in the last two decades. However, there has been no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Siyu Lei , Ruiying Yang , Chu-Ren Huang

Automatic readability assessment is one of the most important applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in education. Since automatic readability assessment allows the fast selection of appropriate reading material for readers at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Bruce W. Lee , Jason Hyung-Jong Lee

Bilingual English speakers speak English as one of their languages. Their English is of a non-native kind, and their conversations are of a code-mixed fashion. The intelligibility of a bilingual text-to-speech (TTS) system for such…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-22 Arun Baby , Pranav Jawale , Saranya Vinnaitherthan , Sumukh Badam , Nagaraj Adiga , Sharath Adavanne

Vocabulary use is a fundamental aspect of second language (L2) proficiency. To date, its assessment by automated systems has typically examined the context-independent, or part-of-speech (PoS) related use of words. This paper introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Stefano Bannò , Kate Knill , Mark Gales

With the advancement of large language models (LLMs), an increasing number of student models have leveraged LLMs to analyze textual artifacts generated by students to understand and evaluate their learning. These student models typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Jiayi Zhang

Native language identification (NLI) is the task of training (via supervised machine learning) a classifier that guesses the native language of the author of a text. This task has been extensively researched in the last decade, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Barbara Berti , Andrea Esuli , Fabrizio Sebastiani

English as foreign language_EFL_students' use of text generated from artificial intelligence_AI_natural language generation_NLG_tools may improve their writing quality. However, it remains unclear to what extent AI-generated text in these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 David James Woo , Hengky Susanto , Chi Ho Yeung , Kai Guo , April Ka Yeng Fung

Intuitively, human readers cope easily with errors in text; typos, misspelling, word substitutions, etc. do not unduly disrupt natural reading. Previous work indicates that letter transpositions result in increased reading times, but it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Michael Hahn , Frank Keller , Yonatan Bisk , Yonatan Belinkov

Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) assigns scores to student essays, reducing the grading workload for instructors. Developing a scoring system capable of handling essays across diverse prompts is challenging due to the flexibility and diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Zhaoyi Joey Hou , Alejandro Ciuba , Xiang Lorraine Li

This work aims to employ natural language generation (NLG) to rapidly generate items for English language learning applications: this requires both language models capable of generating fluent, high-quality English, and to control the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Kevin Stowe , Debanjan Ghosh , Mengxuan Zhao

For readability assessment, traditional methods mainly employ machine learning classifiers with hundreds of linguistic features. Although the deep learning model has become the prominent approach for almost all NLP tasks, it is less…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Wenbiao Li , Ziyang Wang , Yunfang Wu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to handle various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, concerns regarding the potential negative societal impacts of LLM-generated content have also arisen. To evaluate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Song Wang , Peng Wang , Tong Zhou , Yushun Dong , Zhen Tan , Jundong Li

Determining the readability of a text is the first step to its simplification. In this paper, we present a readability analysis tool capable of analyzing text written in the Bengali language to provide in-depth information on its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Susmoy Chakraborty , Mir Tafseer Nayeem , Wasi Uddin Ahmad

This project investigates the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to determine the difficulty of data visualization literacy test items. We explore whether features derived from item text (question and answer options), the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Samin Khan

With the ever-growing urgency of sustainability in the economy and society, and the massive stream of information that comes with it, consumers need reliable access to that information. To address this need, companies began publishing so…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Benjamin Josef Schüßler , Jakob Prange

When the world changes, so does the text that humans write about it. How do we build language models that can be easily updated to reflect these changes? One popular approach is retrieval-augmented generation, in which new documents are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Belinda Z. Li , Emmy Liu , Alexis Ross , Abbas Zeitoun , Graham Neubig , Jacob Andreas

Our goal is to distinguish between the following two hypotheses: (A) The Internet will remain disproportionately in English and will, over time, cause more people to learn English as second language and thus solidify the role of English as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Neil Gandal , Carl Shapiro

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been quite popular and is being widely used. However, lack of appropriate methodology for rating nonnative English speakers' essays has meant a lopsided advancement in this field. In this paper, we report…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Amber Nigam

People tend to distribute information evenly in language production for better and clearer communication. In this study, we compared essays written by second language learners with various native language (L1) backgrounds to investigate how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Zixin Tang , Janet G. van Hell

Evaluating the readability of a text can significantly facilitate the precise expression of information in written form. The formulation of text readability assessment involves the identification of meaningful properties of the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Hamid Mohammadi , Seyed Hossein Khasteh , Tahereh Firoozi , Taha Samavati