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The paradigm behind digital quantum computing inherits the idea of using binary information processing. Nature in fact gives much more rich structures of physical objects that can be used for encoding information, which is especially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Evgeniy O. Kiktenko , Anastasiia S. Nikolaeva , Aleksey K. Fedorov

The quantum circuit model is an abstraction that hides the underlying physical implementation of gates and measurements on a quantum computer. For precise control of real quantum hardware, the ability to execute pulse and readout-level…

Quantum computing is transitioning from laboratory research to industrial deployment, yet significant challenges persist: system scalability and performance, fabrication yields, and the advancement of algorithms and applications. We…

We present the Quantum Virtual Machine (QVM), an end-to-end generic system for scalable execution of large quantum circuits with high fidelity on noisy and small quantum processors (QPUs) by leveraging gate virtualization. QVM exposes a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-01 Nathaniel Tornow , Emmanouil Giortamis , Pramod Bhatotia

Engineering design processes involve iterative design evaluations requiring numerous computationally intensive numerical simulations. Quantum algorithms promise substantial speedups for specific tasks relevant to engineering simulations.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Leonhard Hölscher , Lukas Müller , Or Samimi , Tamuz Danzig

Quantum Layout Synthesis (QLS) plays a crucial role in optimizing quantum circuit execution on physical quantum devices. As we enter the era where quantum computers have hundreds of qubits, we are faced with scalability issues using optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-05 Wan-Hsuan Lin , Jason Cong

Implementing fast and high-fidelity quantum operations using open-loop quantum optimal control relies on having an accurate model of the quantum dynamics. Any deviations between this model and the complete dynamics of the device, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-31 Elie Genois , Noah J. Stevenson , Noah Goss , Irfan Siddiqi , Alexandre Blais

We introduce Qunity, a new quantum programming language designed to treat quantum computing as a natural generalization of classical computing. Qunity presents a unified syntax where familiar programming constructs can have both quantum and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Finn Voichick , Liyi Li , Robert Rand , Michael Hicks

Quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers. However, its practical use is currently limited due to early-stage quantum software engineering and the constraints of Noisy…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Hoa T. Nguyen , Bui Binh An Pham , Muhammad Usman , Rajkumar Buyya

Quantum circuits utilizing real time feedback techniques (such as active reset and mid-circuit measurement) are a powerful tool for NISQ-era quantum computing. Such techniques are crucial for implementing error correction protocols, and can…

Currently, quantum hardware is restrained by noises and qubit numbers. Thus, a quantum virtual machine that simulates operations of a quantum computer on classical computers is a vital tool for developing and testing quantum algorithms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-10 Chuong Nguyen Quoc , Le Bin Ho , Lan Nguyen Tran , Hung Q. Nguyen

IBM has developed a quantum assembly (QASM) language particular to gate model quantum computing since 2017 [CBSG17]. Version 3.0 which adds timing, pulse control, and gate modifiers is currently undergoing finalization in 2023 [CJA+21]. In…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Marcus Edwards

Quantum computing is performed on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware in the short term. Only small circuits can be executed reliably on a quantum machine due to the unavoidable noisy quantum operations on NISQ devices, leading…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Siyuan Niu , Aida Todri-Sanial

Quantum gates are the fundamental instructions of digital quantum computers. Current programming languages, systems, and software development toolkits identify these operational gates by their titles, which requires a shared understanding…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Ed Younis

Quantum software development has largely focused on algorithms, with limited attention to software architecture. As computing moves toward hybrid quantum-classical systems, this gap limits scalability, reusability, and engineering rigor.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Arvind W. Kiwelekar , Shweta Tembe , Uzma G. A. Munde , Siddhesh Jadhav , Manjushree D. Laddha , Harsha R. Gaikwad

Quantum computers have the potential to solve some important industrial and scientific problems with greater efficiency than classical computers. While most current realizations focus on two-level qubits, the underlying physics used in most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-06 Kevin Mato , Martin Ringbauer , Stefan Hillmich , Robert Wille

Quantum computers promise to solve several categories of problems faster than classical computers ever could. Current research mostly focuses on qubits, i.e., systems where the unit of information can assume only two levels. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-25 Kevin Mato , Stefan Hillmich , Robert Wille

This work presents AEQUAM (Area Efficient QUAntum eMulation), a toolchain that enables faster and more accessible quantum circuit verification. It consists of a compiler that translates OpenQASM 2.0 into RISC-like instructions, Cython…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-28 Lorenzo Lagostina , Deborah Volpe , Maurizio Zamboni , Giovanna Turvani

Future quantum computers capable of solving relevant problems will require a large number of qubits that can be operated reliably. However, the requirements of having a large qubit count and operating with high-fidelity are typically…

The realization of a scalable quantum information processor has emerged over the past decade as one of the central challenges at the interface of fundamental science and engineering. Much progress has been made towards this goal. Indeed,…