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This paper obtains fundamental limits on the computational precision of in-memory computing architectures (IMCs). An IMC noise model and associated SNR metrics are defined and their interrelationships analyzed to show that the accuracy of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Sujan Kumar Gonugondla , Charbel Sakr , Hassan Dbouk , Naresh R. Shanbhag

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed the way we think about language understanding and generation, enthralling both researchers and developers. However, deploying LLMs for inference has been a significant challenge due to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Dibakar Gope , David Mansell , Danny Loh , Ian Bratt

Large-scale datacenters often experience memory failures, where Uncorrectable Errors (UEs) highlight critical malfunction in Dual Inline Memory Modules (DIMMs). Existing approaches primarily utilize Correctable Errors (CEs) to predict UEs,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Qiao Yu , Wengui Zhang , Min Zhou , Jialiang Yu , Zhenli Sheng , Jasmin Bogatinovski , Jorge Cardoso , Odej Kao

Language models (LMs) and their extension, vision-language models (VLMs), have achieved remarkable performance across various tasks. However, they still struggle with complex reasoning tasks that require multimodal or multilingual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Wenyi Wu , Zixuan Song , Kun Zhou , Yifei Shao , Zhiting Hu , Biwei Huang

The internal language model (ILM) of the neural transducer has been widely studied. In most prior work, it is mainly used for estimating the ILM score and is subsequently subtracted during inference to facilitate improved integration with…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-03 Jinxi Guo , Niko Moritz , Yingyi Ma , Frank Seide , Chunyang Wu , Jay Mahadeokar , Ozlem Kalinli , Christian Fuegen , Mike Seltzer

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a variety of software engineering and coding tasks. However, their application in the domain of code and compiler optimization remains underexplored. Training…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Chris Cummins , Volker Seeker , Dejan Grubisic , Baptiste Roziere , Jonas Gehring , Gabriel Synnaeve , Hugh Leather

A binary's behavior is greatly influenced by how the compiler builds its source code. Although most compiler configuration details are abstracted away during compilation, recovering them is useful for reverse engineering and program…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Jason Kim , Daniel Genkin , Kevin Leach

We introduce a method that dramatically reduces fine-tuning VRAM requirements and rectifies quantization errors in quantized Large Language Models. First, we develop an extremely memory-efficient fine-tuning (EMEF) method for quantized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yuji Chai , John Gkountouras , Glenn G. Ko , David Brooks , Gu-Yeon Wei

Many modern workloads such as neural network inference and graph processing are fundamentally memory-bound. For such workloads, data movement between memory and CPU cores imposes a significant overhead in terms of both latency and energy. A…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Juan Gómez-Luna , Izzat El Hajj , Ivan Fernandez , Christina Giannoula , Geraldo F. Oliveira , Onur Mutlu

Weak memory models allow for simplified hardware and increased performance in the memory hierarchy at the cost of increased software complexity. In weak memory models, explicit synchronization is needed to enforce ordering between different…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Bryce Arden , Zachary Susskind , Brendan Sweeney

The security of microcontrollers, which drive modern IoT and embedded devices, continues to raise major concerns. Within a microcontroller (MCU), the firmware is a monolithic piece of software that contains the whole software stack, whereas…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Bo Feng , Meng Luo , Changming Liu , Long Lu , Engin Kirda

Folklore is often saying "The Java memory model is broken." Therefore, several approaches have proposed repairs, only to find new programs exhibiting unexpected, unintuitive behavior or the model forbidding standard compiler optimizations.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Lukas Panneke , Heike Wehrheim

Modern computing systems are limited in performance by the memory bandwidth available to processors, a problem known as the memory wall. Processing-in-Memory (PIM) promises to substantially improve this problem by moving processing closer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Sahar Ghoflsaz Ghinani , Jingyao Zhang , Elaheh Sadredini

This paper presents 6T SRAM cell-based bit-parallel in-memory computing (IMC) architecture to support various computations with reconfigurable bit-precision. In the proposed technique, bit-line computation is performed with a short WL…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Kyeongho Lee , Jinho Jeong , Sungsoo Cheon , Woong Choi , Jongsun Park

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) presents significant challenges due to their enormous memory footprints, low arithmetic intensity, and stringent latency requirements, particularly during the autoregressive decoding stage.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Cenlin Duan , Jianlei Yang , Rubing Yang , Yikun Wang , Yiou Wang , Lingkun Long , Yingjie Qi , Xiaolin He , Ao Zhou , Xueyan Wang , Weisheng Zhao

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates a deep understanding of their fundamental performance limits. This paper investigates the limits of LLM inference, focusing on hardware-imposed bottlenecks in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Michael Davies , Neal Crago , Karthikeyan Sankaralingam , Christos Kozyrakis

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful foundation for intelligent reasoning and decision-making, demonstrating substantial impact across a wide range of domains and applications. However, their massive parameter scales and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Mingyu Sun , Xiao Zhang , Shen Qu , Yan Li , Mengbai Xiao , Yuan Yuan , Dongxiao Yu

We derive a Fast Multipole Method (FMM) where a low-rank approximation of the kernel is obtained using the Empirical Interpolation Method (EIM). Contrary to classical interpolation-based FMM, where the interpolation points and basis are…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-08-25 Fabien Casenave

LLM-based formal proof assistants (e.g., in Lean) hold great promise for automating mathematical discovery. But beyond syntactic correctness, do these systems truly understand mathematical structure as humans do? We investigate this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Haoyu Zhao , Yihan Geng , Shange Tang , Yong Lin , Bohan Lyu , Hongzhou Lin , Chi Jin , Sanjeev Arora

In-context learning (ICL) facilitates Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibiting emergent ability on downstream tasks without updating billions of parameters. However, in the area of multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), two problems…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jun Gao , Qian Qiao , Ziqiang Cao , Zili Wang , Wenjie Li