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A coloring of a graph is an assignment of colors to its vertices such that adjacent vertices have different colors. Two colorings are equivalent if they induce the same partition of the vertex set into color classes. Let $\mathcal{A}(G)$ be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-11 Alain Hertz , Hadrien Mélot , Sébastien Bonte , Gauvain Devillez , Pierre Hauweele

We present a novel approach to graph drawing based on reinforcement learning for minimizing the global and the local crossing number, that is, the total number of edge crossings and the maximum number of crossings on any edge, respectively.…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Timo Brand , Henry Förster , Stephen Kobourov , Robin Schukrafft , Markus Wallinger , Johannes Zink

Graph burning is a discrete-time process that models the propagation of information in a network. Initially, we have an undirected graph of unburned vertices. At each time step, an unburned vertex is chosen to burn; additionally, unburned…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Dhanyamol Antony , L. Sunil Chandran , Anita Das , Shirish Gosavi , Dalu Jacob , Shashanka Kulamarva

The cop throttling number of a graph, introduced in 2018 by Breen et al., optimizes the balance between the number of cops used and the number of rounds required to catch the robber in a game of Cops and Robbers. In 2019, Cox and Sanaei…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-14 Joshua Carlson , Robin Eagleton , Jesse Geneson , John Petrucci , Carolyn Reinhart , Preetul Sen

Lights Out is a game played on a graph $G$ where every vertex has a light bulb that is either on or off, and pressing a vertex $v$ toggles the state of every vertex in the closed neighborhood of $v$. The goal is to find a subset of vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-10 Julien Codsi , Sergio Cristancho , Alexander Divoux , Varun Sivashankar

Let $G$ be a graph. The maximum nullity of $G$, denoted by $M(G)$, is defined to be the largest possible nullity over all real symmetric matrices $A$ whose $a_{ij}\neq 0$ for $i\neq j$, whenever two vertices $u_i$ and $u_j$ of $G$ are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-05-30 Saieed Akbari , Ebrahim Vatandoost , Yasser Golkhandy Pour

The forcing number of a perfect matching $M$ in a graph $G$ is the smallest number of edges inside $M$ that can not be contained in other perfect matchings. The anti-forcing number of $M$ is the smallest number of edges outside $M$ whose…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-12-25 Kai Deng , Huazhong Lü , Tingzeng Wu

A coloring of a graph G = (V,E) is a partition {V1, V2, . . ., Vk} of V into independent sets or color classes. A vertex v Vi is a Grundy vertex if it is adjacent to at least one vertex in each color class Vj . A coloring is a Grundy…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-02-13 Ali Mansouri , Mohamed Salim Bouhlel

The foldings of a connected graph $G$ are defined as follows. First, $G$ is a folding of itself. Let $G'$ be a graph obtained from $G$ by identifying two vertices at distance 2 in $G$. Then every folding of $G'$ is a folding of $G$. The…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-02-25 David R. Wood

This paper introduces a novel framework for graph sparsification that preserves the essential learning attributes of original graphs, improving computational efficiency and reducing complexity in learning algorithms. We refer to these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Obaid Ullah Ahmad , Anwar Said , Mudassir Shabbir , Xenofon Koutsoukos , Waseem Abbas

The Thue colouring of a graph is a colouring such that the sequence of vertex colours of any path of even and finite length in $G$ is non-repetitive. The change in the Thue number, $\pi(G)$, as edges are iteratively removed from a graph $G$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-01-13 Johan Kok , Erika Skrabulakova , Naduvath Sudev

Power domination is a two-step observation process that is used to monitor power networks and can be viewed as a combination of domination and zero forcing. Given a graph $G$, a subset $S\subseteq V(G)$ that can observe all vertices of $G$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-09 Sarah E. Anderson , Kirsti Kuenzel , Houston Schuerger

A contraction sequence of a graph consists of iteratively merging two of its vertices until only one vertex remains. The recently introduced twin-width graph invariant is based on contraction sequences. More precisely, if one puts red edges…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Édouard Bonnet , Eun Jung Kim , Amadeus Reinald , Stéphan Thomassé

A vertex colouring of a graph is called asymmetric if the only automorphism which preserves it is the identity. Tucker conjectured that if every automorphism of a connected, locally finite graph moves infinitely many vertices, then there is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-21 Florian Lehner , Monika Pilśniak , Marcin Stawiski

The \emph{reconfiguration graph of the $k$-colourings} of a graph $G$, denoted $\mathcal{R}_k(G)$, is the graph whose vertices are the $k$-colourings of $G$ and two vertices of $\mathcal{R}_k(G)$ are joined by an edge if the colourings of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Manoj Belavadi , Kathie Cameron , Elias Hildred

Let G be a graph with a perfect matching. A complete forcing set of G is a subset of edges of G to which the restriction of every perfect matching is a forcing set of it. The complete forcing number of G is the minimum cardinality of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-09 Xin He , Heping Zhang

For a positive integer $k$, a $k$-colouring of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a mapping $c: V\rightarrow\{1,2,...,k\}$ such that $c(u)\neq c(v)$ whenever $uv\in E$. The Colouring problem is to decide, for a given $G$ and $k$, whether a $k$-colouring…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Petr A. Golovach , Matthew Johnson , Daniël Paulusma , Jian Song

We introduce a new algorithmic framework for designing dynamic graph algorithms in minor-free graphs, by exploiting the structure of such graphs and a tool called vertex sparsification, which is a way to compress large graphs into small…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-12-19 Gramoz Goranci , Monika Henzinger , Pan Peng

We propose an adaptive version of the total variation algorithm proposed in [3] for computing the balanced cut of a graph. The algorithm from [3] used a sequence of inner total variation minimizations to guarantee descent of the balanced…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-02-13 Xavier Bresson , Thomas Laurent , David Uminsky , James H. von Brecht

Recently, Dvo\v{r}\'ak, Norin, and Postle introduced flexibility as an extension of list coloring on graphs [JGT 19']. In this new setting, each vertex $v$ in some subset of $V(G)$ has a request for a certain color $r(v)$ in its list of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-13 Bernard Lidický , Tomáš Masařík , Kyle Murphy , Shira Zerbib