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Measuring the total electron emission yield of dielectric materials remains a challenging task. Indeed, the charge induced by irradiation and electron emission disturbs the measurement. It is therefore important to quantify this charge…
In 1909, Millikan showed that the charge of electrically isolated systems is quantized in units of the elementary electron charge e. Today, the persistence of charge quantization in small, weakly connected conductors allows for circuits…
The detection of the quantum dot charge state using a quantum point contact charge detector has opened a new exciting route for the investigation of quantum dot devices in recent years. In particular, time-resolved charge detection allowed…
Paul traps are devices that confine particles using an alternating electric field and have been used in undergraduate experimental classes at universities. Owing to the requirement of a high voltage ($> 10^3$ V), Paul traps are not used in…
The study shows how to define "exactly" the average ion charge $Z_{\rm I}$ in the electron-ion model for plasmas and liquid metals: this definition comes out of the condition that a plasma consisting of electrons and nuclei can be described…
We present Monte Carlo studies of charge expectation values and charge fluctuations for quasi-particles in the quantum Hall system. We have studied the Laughlin wave functions for quasi-hole and quasi-electron, and also Jain's definition of…
The determination of the absolute scale of the neutrino masses is one of the most challenging present questions in particle physics. The most stringent limit, $m(\bar{\nu}_{\mathrm{e}})<2$eV, was achieved for the electron anti-neutrino mass…
Shot noise measurements are widely used for the characterization of nonequilibrium configurations in electronic conductors. The recently introduced quantum tomography approach was implemented for the studies of electronic wavefunctions of…
Fractional quantum Hall quasiparticles are famous for having fractional electric charge. Recent experiments report that the quasiparticles' effective electric charge determined through tunneling current noise measurements can depend on the…
We suggest scattering experiments which implement the concept of ``protective measurements'' allowing the measurement of the complete wave function even when only one quantum system (rather than an ensemble) is available. Such scattering…
A novel approach is proposed, where energy filtered electrons, carrying both chemical identity and electrical information, serve as fine and flexible electrodes in direct electrical measurements. The method, termed 'chemically resolved…
Electron charge density is a fundamental physical quantity, determining various properties of matter. In this study, we have proposed a deep-learning model for accurate charge density prediction. Our model naturally preserves physical…
We report on noise measurements in a quantum dot in the presence of Kondo correlations. Close to the unitary limit, with the conductance reaching 1.8e2/h, we observed an average backscattered charge of e*~5e/3, while weakly biasing the…
Does gravity care about electric charge? Precision tests of the weak equivalence principle achieve remarkable sensitivity but deliberately minimize electric charge on test masses, leaving this fundamental question experimentally open. We…
The single electron transistor (SET) is a prime candidate for reading out the final state of a qubit in a solid state quantum computer. Such a measurement requires the detection of sub-electron charge motion in the presence of random…
We calculate the quasiparticle effective mass for the electron gas in two and three dimensions in the metallic region. We employ the single particle scattering potential coming from the Sj\"{o}lander-Stott theory and enforce the Friedel sum…
Shot noise measurements provide information on particles' charge and their correlations. We report on shot noise measurements in a ubiquitous quantum dot under a quantized magnetic field. The measured noise at the peaks of a sequence of…
Consider the electric field E about an electron. Its source has been thought a substance called charge, enclosed within a small volume that defines the size of the electron. Scattering experiments find no size at all. Charge is useful, but…
Classical molecular dynamics simulations have recently become a standard tool for the study of electrochemical systems. State-of-the-art approaches represent the electrodes as perfect conductors, modelling their responses to the charge…
The quantization of the electrical charge in the electrodynamics and of the hypercharge in the standard model are imposed in the theory based not on theoretical arguments but on the experimental observations. In this paper we propose a…