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The theory of continuous-time reinforcement learning (RL) has progressed rapidly in recent years. While the ultimate objective of RL is typically to learn deterministic control policies, most existing continuous-time RL methods rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ziheng Cheng , Xin Guo , Yufei Zhang

Reinforcement learning algorithms such as the deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm (DDPG) has been widely used in continuous control tasks. However, the model-free DDPG algorithm suffers from high sample complexity. In this paper we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Qingpeng Cai , Ling Pan , Pingzhong Tang

We consider deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) in the context of reinforcement learning with sparse rewards. To enhance exploration, we introduce a search procedure, \emph{${\epsilon}{t}$-greedy}, which generates exploratory options…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Ehsan Futuhi , Shayan Karimi , Chao Gao , Martin Müller

This work adopts the very successful distributional perspective on reinforcement learning and adapts it to the continuous control setting. We combine this within a distributed framework for off-policy learning in order to develop what we…

Deterministic policy gradient (DPG) is widely utilized for continuous control; however, it inherently relies on the differentiability of the critic with respect to the action during policy updates. This assumption is violated in practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hyunjun Na , Donghwan Lee

Deterministic Policy Gradient (DPG) removes a level of randomness from standard randomized-action Policy Gradient (PG), and demonstrates substantial empirical success for tackling complex dynamic problems involving Markov decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Harshat Kumar , Dionysios S. Kalogerias , George J. Pappas , Alejandro Ribeiro

We study the problem of computing deterministic optimal policies for constrained Markov decision processes (MDPs) with continuous state and action spaces, which are widely encountered in constrained dynamical systems. Designing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Sergio Rozada , Dongsheng Ding , Antonio G. Marques , Alejandro Ribeiro

Policy gradient methods are among the most effective methods in challenging reinforcement learning problems with large state and/or action spaces. However, little is known about even their most basic theoretical convergence properties,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Alekh Agarwal , Sham M. Kakade , Jason D. Lee , Gaurav Mahajan

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) techniques have received significant attention in control and decision-making algorithms. Most applications involve complex decision-making systems, justified by the algorithms' computational power and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-28 Fatemeh Tavakkoli , Pouria Sarhadi , Benoit Clement , Wasif Naeem

Robust Markov decision processes (RMDPs) provide a promising framework for computing reliable policies in the face of model errors. Many successful reinforcement learning algorithms build on variations of policy-gradient methods, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Qiuhao Wang , Chin Pang Ho , Marek Petrik

Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm is one of the most well-known reinforcement learning methods. However, this method is inefficient and unstable in practical applications. On the other hand, the bias and variance of the Q…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Shuai Han , Wenbo Zhou , Shuai Lü , Jiayu Yu

We test the performance of deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG), a deep reinforcement learning algorithm, able to handle continuous state and action spaces, to learn Nash equilibria in a setting where firms compete in prices. These…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Christoph Graf , Viktor Zobernig , Johannes Schmidt , Claude Klöckl

Distributed reinforcement learning trains on data from stale, buggy, or mismatched actors, producing actions with high surprisal (negative log-probability) under the learner's policy. The core difficulty is not surprising data per se, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Ian Osband

Due to the sparse rewards and high degree of environment variation, reinforcement learning approaches such as Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) are plagued by issues of high variance when applied in complex real world environments.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Linhai Xie , Yishu Miao , Sen Wang , Phil Blunsom , Zhihua Wang , Changhao Chen , Andrew Markham , Niki Trigoni

Model-free reinforcement learning algorithms such as Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) often require additional exploration strategies, especially if the actor is of deterministic nature. This work evaluates the use of model-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Kevin Sebastian Luck , Mel Vecerik , Simon Stepputtis , Heni Ben Amor , Jonathan Scholz

The performance of off-policy learning, including deep Q-learning and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG), critically depends on the choice of the exploration policy. Existing exploration methods are mostly based on adding noise to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Tianbing Xu , Qiang Liu , Liang Zhao , Jian Peng

Direct optimization is an appealing framework that replaces integration with optimization of a random objective for approximating gradients in models with discrete random variables. A$^\star$ sampling is a framework for optimizing such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Guy Lorberbom , Chris J. Maddison , Nicolas Heess , Tamir Hazan , Daniel Tarlow

Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) has been proved to be a successful reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm for continuous control tasks. However, DDPG still suffers from data insufficiency and training inefficiency, especially in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-05 Zhizheng Zhang , Jiale Chen , Zhibo Chen , Weiping Li

Policy gradient (PG) methods are successful approaches to deal with continuous reinforcement learning (RL) problems. They learn stochastic parametric (hyper)policies by either exploring in the space of actions or in the space of parameters.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Alessandro Montenegro , Marco Mussi , Alberto Maria Metelli , Matteo Papini

Lane change is a challenging task which requires delicate actions to ensure safety and comfort. Some recent studies have attempted to solve the lane-change control problem with Reinforcement Learning (RL), yet the action is confined to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Pin Wang , Hanhan Li , Ching-Yao Chan
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