Related papers: Defining work done on electromagnetic field
Theory of electromagnetic field, specified by an effective action functional, is considered. The causality condition is imposed in the form of a requirement that the group velocities of propagation of small and soft disturbances over the…
We investigate here the question raised in literature about the correct expression for the electromagnetic field-momentum, especially when static fields are involved. For this we examine a couple of simple but intriguing cases. First we…
The second law of thermodynamics, formulated as an ultimate bound on the maximum extractable work, has been rigorously derived in multiple scenarios. However, the unavoidable limitations that emerge due to the lack of control on small…
Quantum Electrodynamics can be formulated as the theory of an antisymmetric tensor gauge field. In this formulation the topological current of this field appears as an additional source for the electromagnetic field. The topological charge…
We present the full Hamiltonian analysis of electrodynamics, including fermions, photons, and their interaction, on a general curved spacetime in Ashtekar-Barbero variables. Only the time gauge is imposed and the theory is background…
In the framework of bulk reconstruction, we elucidate the relationship between the action of CFT modular Hamiltonians on bulk operators, the possible equation of motion for the bulk operators, and the charge distribution at infinity…
By modeling a linear polarizable and magnetizable medium (magneto-dielectric) with two quantum fields, namely E and M, electromagnetic field is quantized in such a medium consistently and systematically. A Hamiltonian is proposed from…
In order to analyse classical electromagnetism in a medium at finite temperature we introduce `an optical density operator', and reformulate Maxwell's equations with the operator, starting from the Dirac-equation-like formulation of…
This work deals with the physical system governed by a Hamiltonian operator, in two-dimensional space, of spinless charged particles subject to a perpendicular magnetic field B, coupled with a harmonic potential in the context of…
By modeling a dielectric medium with two independent reservoirs, i.e., electric and magnetic reservoirs, the electromagnetic field is quantized in a linear dielectric medium consistently. A Hamiltonian is proposed from which using the…
In this and companion papers, we show that quantum field theories with gauge symmetries permit a broader class of classical dynamics than typically assumed. In this article, we show that the quantization of electromagnetism permits the…
A simple mathematical procedure is introduced which allows redefining in an exact way divergent integrals and limits that appear in the basic equations of classical electrodynamics with point charges. In this way all divergences are at once…
The exact wave functions, which describe the states of an electron, bound in the image potential, and the magnetic field, which is perpendicular to surface of a metal, are obtained. The correction terms to the energy of an electron in the…
Determining the electric field (E-field) distribution on the Sun's photosphere is essential for quantitative studies of how energy flows from the Sun's photosphere, through the corona, and into the heliosphere. This E-field also provides…
Starting from a formal Hamiltonian as found in the physics literature -- omitting photons -- we define a renormalized Hamiltonian through charge and mass renormalization. We show that the restriction to the one-electron subspace is…
Conservation of energy and momentum in the classical theory of radiating electrons has been a challenging problem since its inception. We propose a formulation of classical electrodynamics in Hamiltonian form that satisfies the Maxwell…
We construct a measure in the hamiltonian function level sets that is invariant under the hamiltonian flow for short times and flow preserving for arbitrarily long times. This allows a probabilistic approach to the study of hamiltonian…
The thermodynamics of Dirac fields under the influence of external electromagnetic fields is studied. For perturbations which act only for finite time, the influence of the perturbation can be described by an automorphism which can be…
We develop a computational method to learn a molecular Hamiltonian matrix from matrix-valued time series of the electron density. As we demonstrate for three small molecules, the resulting Hamiltonians can be used for electron density…
A relativistically invariant expression for the number of photons in free classical electromagnetic field through the currents, that created the field, is derived based on the formula for the total energy--momentum of the field. It is…