Related papers: Non-testability of instrument validity under conti…

What types of differences among causal structures with latent variables are impossible to distinguish by statistical data obtained by probing each visible variable? If the probing scheme is simply passive observation, then it is well-known…

An important concern in an observational study is whether or not there is unmeasured confounding, i.e., unmeasured ways in which the treatment and control groups differ before treatment that affect the outcome. We develop a test of whether…

Employing model predictive control to systems with unbounded, stochastic disturbances poses the challenge of guaranteeing safety, i.e., repeated feasibility and stability of the closed-loop system. Especially, there are no strict repeated…

A suggestion for an observational test of the difference between quantum mechanics and noncontextual hidden variables theories requires the measurement of a product of two commuting observables without measuring either observable…

The realistic interpretation of classical theory assumes that every classical system has well-defined properties, which may be unknown to the observer but are nevertheless part of reality and can in principle be revealed by measurements.…

We consider estimation and inference in a linear model with endogenous regressors where the parameters of interest change across two samples. If the first-stage is common, we show how to use this information to obtain more efficient…

Instrumental variable methods are often used for parameter estimation in the presence of confounding. They can also be applied in stochastic processes. Instrumental variable analysis exploits moment equations to obtain estimators for causal…

Strong-type inhomogeneous Strichartz estimates are shown to be false for the wave equation outside the so-called acceptable region. On a critical line where the acceptability condition marginally fails, we prove substitute estimates with a…

Software systems with large parameter spaces, nondeterminism and high computational cost are challenging to test. Recently, software testing techniques based on causal inference have been successfully applied to systems that exhibit such…

We study a continuous set of spin 1 measurements and show that for a special family of measurements parametrized by a single variable $\theta$ the possibility of hidden-variable description is a discontinuous property.

The internal validity of observational study is often subject to debate. In this study, we define the counterfactuals as the unobserved sample and intend to quantify its relationship with the null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST). We…

As with all measurements, the measurement of examinee ability, in terms of scores that the examinee obtains in a test, is also error-ridden. The quantification of such error or uncertainty in the test score data--or rather the complementary…

We derive a fine-grained uncertainty relation for the measurement of two incompatible observables on a single quantum system of continuous variables, and show that continuous variable systems are more uncertain than discrete variable…

Evolutionary synthesis models have been used to study the physical properties of unresolved populations in a wide range of scenarios. Unfortunately, their self-consistency are difficult to test and there are some theoretical open questions…

External validity is often questionable in empirical research, especially in randomized experiments due to the trade-off between internal validity and external validity. To quantify the robustness of external validity, one must first…

Verification of temporal logic properties plays a crucial role in proving the desired behaviors of continuous systems. In this paper, we propose an interval method that verifies the properties described by a bounded signal temporal logic.…

The inequalities proposed in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 170404 (2010)] are not Bell's inequalities in the usual sense: there are local classical models that violate these inequalities. Thus, their violation demonstrates nonlocality only under…

It is shown, under the assumption of possibility to perform an arbitrary local operation, that all nonlocal variables related to two or more separate sites can be measured instantaneously, except for a finite time required for bringing to…

Although many models exist to detect singing voice deepfakes (SingFake), how these models operate, particularly with instrumental accompaniment, is unclear. We investigate how instrumental music affects SingFake detection from two…

A common assumption in causal inference from observational data is that there is no hidden confounding. Yet it is, in general, impossible to verify this assumption from a single dataset. Under the assumption of independent causal mechanisms…