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We prove that a particular pushing-blocks puzzle is intractable in 3D. The puzzle, inspired by the game PushPush, consists of unit square blocks on an integer lattice. An agent may push blocks (but never pull them) in attempting to move…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Joseph O'Rourke , The Smith Problem Solving Group

We show that the Minesweeper game is PP-hard, when the object is to locate all mines with the highest probability. When the probability of locating all mines may be infinitesimal, the Minesweeper game is even PSPACE-complete. In our…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2012-04-23 Michiel de Bondt

In this paper we study the computational complexity of the game of Scrabble. We prove the PSPACE-completeness of a derandomized model of the game, answering an open question of Erik Demaine and Robert Hearn.

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2012-01-26 Michael Lampis , Valia Mitsou , Karolina Sołtys

Conway Checkers is a game played with a checker placed in each square of the lower half of an infinite checkerboard. Pieces move by jumping over an adjacent checker, removing the checker jumped over. Conway showed that it is not possible to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-05 Glenn Bruda , Joseph Cooper , Kareem Jaber , Raul Marquez , Steven J. Miller

We study the computational complexity of the popular board game backgammon. We show that deciding whether a player can win from a given board configuration is NP-Hard, PSPACE-Hard, and EXPTIME-Hard under different settings of known and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-12-15 R. Teal Witter

We analyze the computational complexity of the video game "CELESTE" and prove that solving a generalized level in it is NP-Complete. Further, we also show how, upon introducing a small change in the game mechanics (adding a new game…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Zeeshan Ahmed , Alapan Chaudhuri , Kunwar Shaanjeet Singh Grover , Ashwin Rao , Kushagra Garg , Pulak Malhotra

In combinatorial game theory, the winning player for a position in normal play is analyzed and characterized via algebraic operations. Such analyses define a value for each position, called a game value. A game (ruleset) is called universal…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Kanae Yoshiwatari , Hironori Kiya , Koki Suetsugu , Tesshu Hanaka , Hirotaka Ono

We consider the following modification of annihilation game called node blocking. Given a directed graph, each vertex can be occupied by at most one token. There are two types of tokens, each player can move his type of tokens. The players…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Dariusz Dereniowski

In an Avoider-Enforcer game, we are given a hypergraph. Avoider and Enforcer alternate in claiming an unclaimed vertex, until all the vertices of the hypergraph are claimed. Enforcer wins if Avoider claims all vertices of an edge; Avoider…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Tillmann Miltzow , Miloš Stojaković

Sumplete is a logic puzzle famous for being developed by ChatGPT. The puzzle consists of a rectangular grid, with each cell containing a number. The player has to cross out some numbers such that the sum of uncrossed numbers in each row and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Suthee Ruangwises

We prove PSPACE-completeness of all but one problem in a large space of pulling-block problems where the goal is for the agent to reach a target destination. The problems are parameterized by whether pulling is optional, the number of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Hayashi Ani , Sualeh Asif , Erik D. Demaine , Jenny Diomidova , Dylan Hendrickson , Jayson Lynch , Sarah Scheffler , Adam Suhl

We study three problems related to the computational complexity of the popular game Minesweeper. The first is consistency: given a set of clues, is there any arrangement of mines that satisfies it? This problem has been known to be…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-04-24 MIT Hardness Group , Della Hendrickson , Andy Tockman

We show that determining the crossing number of a link is NP-hard. For some weaker notions of link equivalence, we also show NP-completeness.

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Arnaud de Mesmay , Marcus Schaefer , Eric Sedgwick

Very recently, a long-standing open question proposed by Bodlaender in 1991 was answered: the graph coloring game is PSPACE-complete. In 2019, Andres and Lock proposed five variants of the graph coloring game and left open the question of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Thiago Marcilon , Nicolas Martins , Rudini Sampaio

The Hanano Puzzle is a one-player game with irreversible gravity, where the goal is to make colored blocks make contact with flowers of the corresponding color. The game Jelly no Puzzle shares similar mechanics. In general, determining if a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Michael C. Chavrimootoo , Jin Seok Youn

Exactly 20 years ago at MFCS, Demaine posed the open problem whether the game of Dots & Boxes is PSPACE-complete. Dots & Boxes has been studied extensively, with for instance a chapter in Berlekamp et al. "Winning Ways for Your Mathematical…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Kevin Buchin , Mart Hagedoorn , Irina Kostitsyna , Max van Mulken

Successive elimination of candidates is often a route to making manipulation intractable to compute. We prove that eliminating candidates does not necessarily increase the computational complexity of manipulation. However, for many voting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-04-19 Jessica Davies , Nina Narodytska , Toby Walsh

We prove PSPACE-completeness of the well-studied pushing-block puzzle Push-1F, a theoretical abstraction of many video games (introduced in 1999). The proof also extends to Push-$k$ for any $k \ge 2$. We also prove PSPACE-completeness of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Hayashi Ani , Lily Chung , Erik D. Demaine , Jenny Diomidova , Della Hendrickson , Jayson Lynch

Temporal graphs extend ordinary graphs with discrete time that affects the availability of edges. We consider solving games played on temporal graphs where one player aims to explore the graph, i.e., visit all vertices. The complexity…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Pete Austin , Nicolas Mazzocchi , Sougata Bose , Patrick Totzke

The New York Times (NYT) games have found widespread popularity in recent years and reportedly account for an increasing fraction of the newspaper's readership. In this paper, we bring the computational lens to the study of New York Times…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Alessandro Giovanni Alberti , Flavio Chierichetti , Mirko Giacchini , Daniele Muscillo , Alessandro Panconesi , Erasmo Tani