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Instrumental variables are commonly used to estimate effects of a treatment afflicted by unmeasured confounding, and in practice instruments are often continuous (e.g., measures of distance, or treatment preference). However, available…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-05 Edward H. Kennedy , Scott A. Lorch , Dylan S. Small

This paper studies the identifying power of an instrumental variable in the nonparametric heterogeneous treatment effect framework when a binary treatment is mismeasured and endogenous. Using a binary instrumental variable, I characterize…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-05-22 Takuya Ura

Instrumental variable (IV) analysis is widely used in fields such as economics and epidemiology to address unobserved confounding and measurement error when estimating the causal effects of intermediate covariates on outcomes. However,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-16 Zian Zhuang , Hua Zhou , Jin Zhou , Gang Li

For the over-identified linear instrumental variables model, researchers commonly report the 2SLS estimate along with the robust standard error and seek to conduct inference with these quantities. If errors are homoskedastic, one can…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-11-28 David S. Lee , Justin McCrary , Marcelo J. Moreira , Jack Porter , Luther Yap

This paper extends difference-in-differences to settings with continuous treatments. Specifically, the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) at any level of treatment intensity is identified under a conditional parallel trends…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-05 Lucas Z. Zhang

Instrumental variables estimation has gained considerable traction in recent decades as a tool for causal inference, particularly amongst empirical researchers. This paper makes three contributions. First, we provide a detailed theoretical…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-04-27 Aiwei Huang , Madhurima Chandra , Laura Malkhasyan

Model-Implied Instrumental Variable Two-Stage Least Squares (MIIV-2SLS) is a limited information, equation-by-equation, non-iterative estimator for latent variable models. Associated with this estimator are equation specific tests of model…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-17 Teague R. Henry , Zachary F. Fisher , Kenneth A. Bollen

We revisit the classical causal inference problem of estimating the average treatment effect in the presence of fully observed confounding variables using two-stage semiparametric methods. In existing theoretical studies of methods such as…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-23 Steve Yadlowsky

As longitudinal data becomes more available in many settings, policy makers are increasingly interested in the effect of time-varying treatments (e.g. sustained treatment strategies). In settings such as this, the preferred analysis…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-11 Daniel Tompsett , Stijn Vansteelandt , Richard Grieve , Irene Petersen , Manuel Gomes

For multiple treatments D=0,1,...,J, covariates X and outcome Y, the ordinary least squares estimator (OLS) of Y on (D1,...,DJ,X) is widely applied to a constant-effect linear model, where Dj is the dummy variable for D=j. However, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-14 Myoungjae Lee

It is well known that in the presence of heteroscedasticity ordinary least squares estimator is not efficient. I propose a generalized automatic least squares estimator (GALS) that makes partial correction of heteroscedasticity based on a…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-04-18 Bulat Gafarov

Instrumental variable methods are widely used to address unmeasured confounding, yet much of the existing literature has focused on the binary instrument setting. Extensions to continuous instruments often impose strong parametric…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-12 Zhenghao Zeng , Alexander W. Levis , JungHo Lee , Edward H. Kennedy , Luke Keele

In the presence of confounders, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator is known to be biased. This problem can be remedied by using the two-stage least squares (TSLS) estimator, based on the availability of valid instrumental variables…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-04-15 Cedric E. Ginestet , Richard Emsley , Sabine Landau

In this paper I develop a breakdown frontier approach to assess the sensitivity of Local Average Treatment Effects (LATE) estimates to violations of monotonicity and independence of the instrument. I parametrize violations of independence…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-31 Pedro Picchetti

Plausible identification of conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) may rely on controlling for a large number of variables to account for confounding factors. In these high-dimensional settings, estimation of the CATE requires…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-01-18 Adam Baybutt , Manu Navjeevan

Instrumental variable is an essential tool for addressing unmeasured confounding in observational studies. Two stage predictor substitution (2SPS) estimator and two stage residual inclusion(2SRI) are two commonly used approaches in applying…

Applications · Statistics 2018-07-20 Andrew Ying , Ronghui Xu , James Murphy

We study treatment-effect estimation using panel data. The treatment may be non-binary, non-absorbing, and the outcome may be affected by treatment lags. We make a parallel-trends assumption, and propose event-study estimators of the effect…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-13 Clément de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfœuille

The average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) in a staggered-adoption panel is estimated using an intercept-augmented synthetic-control (SCM) estimator. A weighted parallel trends plus an intercept shift, together with mild regularity…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-08 Michael Guggisberg

The instrumental variable method is a prominent approach to recover under certain conditions, valid inference about a treatment causal effect even when unmeasured confounding might be present. In a groundbreaking paper, Imbens and Angrist…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-13 Eric J Tchetgen Tchetgen

When a researcher combines multiple instrumental variables for a single binary treatment, the monotonicity assumption of the local average treatment effects (LATE) framework can become restrictive: it requires that all units share a common…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-03-27 Leonard Goff