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Artificial general intelligence (AGI) refers to research aimed at tackling the full problem of artificial intelligence, that is, create truly intelligent agents. This sets it apart from most AI research which aims at solving relatively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-09-08 Tom Schaul , Julian Togelius , Jürgen Schmidhuber

We investigate the impact of supervised prediction models on the strength and efficiency of artificial agents that use the Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithm to play a popular video game Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft. We overview…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-08-15 Maciej Świechowski , Tomasz Tajmajer , Andrzej Janusz

The combination of Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) and deep reinforcement learning is state-of-the-art in two-player perfect-information games. In this paper, we describe a search algorithm that uses a variant of MCTS which we enhanced by 1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Arta Seify , Michael Buro

Achieving human-AI alignment in complex multi-agent games is crucial for creating trustworthy AI agents that enhance gameplay. We propose a method to evaluate this alignment using an interpretable task-sets framework, focusing on high-level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Sugandha Sharma , Guy Davidson , Khimya Khetarpal , Anssi Kanervisto , Udit Arora , Katja Hofmann , Ida Momennejad

Monte Carlo Tree Search techniques have generally dominated General Video Game Playing, but recent research has started looking at Evolutionary Algorithms and their potential at matching Tree Search level of play or even outperforming these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-04-25 Raluca D. Gaina , Jialin Liu , Simon M. Lucas , Diego Perez-Liebana

The growing adoption of large language models (LLMs) presents potential for deeper understanding of human behaviours within game theory frameworks. Addressing research gap on multi-player competitive games, this paper examines the strategic…

General Economics · Economics 2024-10-04 Siting Estee Lu

Game-theoretic scenarios have become pivotal in evaluating the social intelligence of Large Language Model (LLM)-based social agents. While numerous studies have explored these agents in such settings, there is a lack of a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Xiachong Feng , Longxu Dou , Ella Li , Qinghao Wang , Haochuan Wang , Yu Guo , Chang Ma , Lingpeng Kong

With increasing interest in procedural content generation by academia and game developers alike, it is vital that different approaches can be compared fairly. However, evaluating procedurally generated video game levels is often difficult,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Michael Beukman , Steven James , Christopher Cleghorn

In many games, moves consist of several decisions made by the player. These decisions can be viewed as separate moves, which is already a common practice in multi-action games for efficiency reasons. Such division of a player move into a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Jakub Kowalski , Maksymilian Mika , Wojciech Pawlik , Jakub Sutowicz , Marek Szykuła , Mark H. M. Winands

For Internet applications like sponsored search, cautions need to be taken when using machine learning to optimize their mechanisms (e.g., auction) since self-interested agents in these applications may change their behaviors (and thus the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-10-14 Haifang Li , Fei Tian , Wei Chen , Tao Qin , Tie-Yan Liu

Games are often designed to shape player behavior in a desired way; however, it can be unclear how design decisions affect the space of behaviors in a game. Designers usually explore this space through human playtesting, which can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Alexander Zook , Brent Harrison , Mark O. Riedl

As intelligent agents become more generally-capable, i.e. able to master a wide variety of tasks, the complexity and cost of properly evaluating them rises significantly. Tasks that assess specific capabilities of the agents can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Marc Lanctot , Kate Larson , Ian Gemp , Michael Kaisers

Progress in fields of machine learning and adversarial planning has benefited significantly from benchmark domains, from checkers and the classic UCI data sets to Go and Diplomacy. In sequential decision-making, agent evaluation has largely…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Marc Lanctot , John Schultz , Neil Burch , Max Olan Smith , Daniel Hennes , Thomas Anthony , Julien Perolat

Large language model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly applied to complex strategic environments that demand long-horizon reasoning, multi-agent interaction, and decision-making under uncertainty. However, common existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenjie Tang , Yuan Zhou , Erqiang Xu , Keyan Cheng , Minne Li , Liquan Xiao

AI research agents accelerate ML research by automating hypothesis generation, experimentation, and empirical refinement. Existing agent strategies range from greedy hill-climbing to tree search and evolutionary optimization, yet which…

General Video Game Playing (GVGP) is a field of Artificial Intelligence where agents play a variety of real-time video games that are unknown in advance. This limits the use of domain-specific heuristics. Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Chiara F. Sironi , Torsten Schuster , Mark H. M. Winands

While artificial intelligence has achieved superhuman performance in chess, developing models that accurately emulate the individualized decision-making styles of human players remains a significant challenge. Existing human-like chess…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Loris Sogliuzzo , Aloïs Rautureau , Eric Piette

Accurately estimating human skill levels is crucial for designing effective human-AI interactions so that AI can provide appropriate challenges or guidance. In games where AI players have beaten top human professionals, strength estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Kyota Kuboki , Tatsuyoshi Ogawa , Chu-Hsuan Hsueh , Shi-Jim Yen , Kokolo Ikeda

This paper investigates the rationality of large language models (LLMs) in strategic decision-making contexts, specifically within the framework of game theory. We evaluate several state-of-the-art LLMs across a spectrum of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Wenyue Hua , Ollie Liu , Lingyao Li , Alfonso Amayuelas , Julie Chen , Lucas Jiang , Mingyu Jin , Lizhou Fan , Fei Sun , William Wang , Xintong Wang , Yongfeng Zhang

We introduce \textsc{Cattle Trade, a multi-agent benchmark for evaluating large language models (LLMs) as agents in strategic reasoning under imperfect information, adversarial interaction, and resource constraints. The benchmark combines…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Robert Müller , Clemens Müller