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Large language models are trained with tokenizers, and the resulting token distribution is highly imbalanced: a few words dominate the stream while most occur rarely. Recent practice favors ever-larger vocabularies, but it is unclear where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Woojin Chung , Jeonghoon Kim

Neural Machine Translation (MT) has reached state-of-the-art results. However, one of the main challenges that neural MT still faces is dealing with very large vocabularies and morphologically rich languages. In this paper, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-01 Marta R. Costa-Jussà , José A. R. Fonollosa

Conventional neural machine translation (NMT) models typically use subwords and words as the basic units for model input and comprehension. However, complete words and phrases composed of several tokens are often the fundamental units for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Langlin Huang , Shuhao Gu , Zhuocheng Zhang , Yang Feng

Neural machine translation (NMT) has achieved impressive performance on machine translation task in recent years. However, in consideration of efficiency, a limited-size vocabulary that only contains the top-N highest frequency words are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Yirong Pan , Xiao Li , Yating Yang , Rui Dong

In recent years, pretrained word embeddings have proved useful for multimodal neural machine translation (NMT) models to address the shortage of available datasets. However, the integration of pretrained word embeddings has not yet been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Tosho Hirasawa , Mamoru Komachi

For different language pairs, word-level neural machine translation (NMT) models with a fixed-size vocabulary suffer from the same problem of representing out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. The common practice usually replaces all these rare or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Yingting Wu , Hai Zhao

Classical translation models constrain the space of possible outputs by selecting a subset of translation rules based on the input sentence. Recent work on improving the efficiency of neural translation models adopted a similar strategy by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-04 Gurvan L'Hostis , David Grangier , Michael Auli

In this paper, we explore the effectiveness of combining fine-tuning and backtranslation on a small Japanese corpus for neural machine translation. Starting from a baseline English{\textrightarrow}Japanese model (COMET = 0.460), we first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Felipe Fujita , Hideyuki Takada

Neural machine translation (NMT) models are usually trained with the word-level loss using the teacher forcing algorithm, which not only evaluates the translation improperly but also suffers from exposure bias. Sequence-level training under…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Chenze Shao , Yang Feng , Xilin Chen

In this paper, we explore a simple solution to "Multi-Source Neural Machine Translation" (MSNMT) which only relies on preprocessing a N-way multilingual corpus without modifying the Neural Machine Translation (NMT) architecture or training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-05 Raj Dabre , Fabien Cromieres , Sadao Kurohashi

Monolingual data has been demonstrated to be helpful in improving the translation quality of neural machine translation (NMT). The current methods stay at the usage of word-level knowledge, such as generating synthetic parallel data or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Rongxiang Weng , Heng Yu , Shujian Huang , Weihua Luo , Jiajun Chen

Neural machine translation (NMT), a new approach to machine translation, has been proved to outperform conventional statistical machine translation (SMT) across a variety of language pairs. Translation is an open-vocabulary problem, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Yining Wang , Long Zhou , Jiajun Zhang , Chengqing Zong

Successful methods for unsupervised neural machine translation (UNMT) employ crosslingual pretraining via self-supervision, often in the form of a masked language modeling or a sequence generation task, which requires the model to align the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Alexandra Chronopoulou , Dario Stojanovski , Alexander Fraser

Transfer learning or multilingual model is essential for low-resource neural machine translation (NMT), but the applicability is limited to cognate languages by sharing their vocabularies. This paper shows effective techniques to transfer a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Yunsu Kim , Yingbo Gao , Hermann Ney

One of the difficulties of neural machine translation (NMT) is the recall and appropriate translation of low-frequency words or phrases. In this paper, we propose a simple, fast, and effective method for recalling previously seen…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-10 Jingyi Zhang , Masao Utiyama , Eiichro Sumita , Graham Neubig , Satoshi Nakamura

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models usually use large target vocabulary sizes to capture most of the words in the target language. The vocabulary size is a big factor when decoding new sentences as the final softmax layer normalizes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Baskaran Sankaran , Markus Freitag , Yaser Al-Onaizan

There exists a token imbalance phenomenon in natural language as different tokens appear with different frequencies, which leads to different learning difficulties for tokens in Neural Machine Translation (NMT). The vanilla NMT model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Shuhao Gu , Jinchao Zhang , Fandong Meng , Yang Feng , Wanying Xie , Jie Zhou , Dong Yu

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a new approach to machine translation that has shown promising results that are comparable to traditional approaches. A significant weakness in conventional NMT systems is their inability to correctly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-02 Minh-Thang Luong , Ilya Sutskever , Quoc V. Le , Oriol Vinyals , Wojciech Zaremba

Lexically cohesive translations preserve consistency in word choices in document-level translation. We employ a copy mechanism into a context-aware neural machine translation model to allow copying words from previous translation outputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Vipul Mishra , Chenhui Chu , Yuki Arase

Popular Neural Machine Translation model training uses strategies like backtranslation to improve BLEU scores, requiring large amounts of additional data and training. We introduce a class of conditional generative-discriminative hybrid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Prathyusha Jwalapuram , Shafiq Joty , Youlin Shen