Related papers: What Current Flows Through a Resistor?
Kirchhoff's current law is thought to describe the translational movement of charged particles through resistors. But Kirchhoff's law is widely used to describe movements of current through resistors in high speed devices. Current at high…
Kirchhoff's Current Law is an essential tool in the design of circuits that operate very quickly, faster than nanoseconds. But Kirchhoff's current is often identified as the flow of particles. The continuity equation or the Maxwell-Ampere…
Maxwell defined a true or total current in a way not widely used today. He said "... true electric current ... is not the same thing as the current of conduction but that the time-variation of the electric displacement must be taken into…
The electric current as the flux of current density -- a signed scalar, not a vector -- is inconsistent with the concept of the current direction, commonly invoked in the electric circuit analyses within, for example, Kirchhoff's current…
Electricity plays a special role in our lives and life. Equations of electron dynamics are nearly exact and apply from nuclear particles to stars. These Maxwell equations include a special term the displacement current (of vacuum).…
A dielectric dilemma faces scientists because Maxwell's equations are poor approximations as usually written, with a single dielectric constant. Maxwell's equations are then not accurate enough to be useful in many applications involving…
It is certain that electrical properties-whether slow (sec) or fast (nsec), even optical (fsec)-are described by Maxwell's equations, and there are terms that depend on the rate of change of the electric and magnetic fields. In particular,…
In contrast to the standard derivation of Kirchhoff's loop law, which invokes electric potential, we show, for the linear planar electric network in a stationary state at the fixed temperature,that loop law can be derived from the maximum…
The integer quantum Hall effect (QHE) belongs to the most fundamental phenomena of solid state physics and has an important application as resistance standard. It serves as a basis to understand the fractional, anomalous or spin QHEs,…
The motion of the electrolyte, comprising of solute ions and solvent molecules, is a frequently-occurring natural phenomenon. The motion of the electrolyte leads to the flows of ions and solvent molecules, known as electrochemical flows. In…
Continuous-time Markov chains have been successful in modelling systems across numerous fields, with currents being fundamental entities that describe the flows of energy, particles, individuals, chemical species, information, or other…
Kirchhoff's laws offer a general, straightforward approach to circuit analysis. Unfortunately, use of the laws becomes impractical for all but the simplest of circuits. This work presents a novel method of analyzing direct current resistor…
We describe mathematically the apparently paradoxical phenomenon that an electronic current in a semiconductor can flow because of collisions, and not despite them. A transport model of charge transport in a one-dimensional semiconductor…
We present a general theory for the equilibrium current distribution in an interacting two-dimensional electron gas subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field, and confined by a potential that varies slowly on the scale of the magnetic…
Conservation of current and conservation of charge are nearly the same thing: when enough is known about charge movement, conservation of current can be derived from conservation of charge, in ideal dielectrics, for example. Conservation of…
A term in the Maxwell-Ampere law describes a linear displacement current that is symmetrically enclosed by the curl of a magnetic field. In this context symmetry calls for a term in the Faraday-Lenz law, which in the absence of a conducting…
This article studies Markovian stochastic motion of a particle on a graph with finite number of nodes and periodically time-dependent transition rates that satisfy the detailed balance condition at any time. We show that under general…
We study the Bloch theorem which states absence of the spontaneous current in interacting electron systems. This theorem is shown to be still applicable to the system with the magnetic field induced by the electric current. Application to…
An electric current generates a magnetic field, and magnetic fields cannot exist in the interior of type I superconductors. As a consequence of these two facts, electric currents can only flow near the surface of a type I superconducting…
A variational approach is used in order to study the stationary states of Hall devices. Charge accumulation, electric potentials and electric currents are investigated on the basis of the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz principle of least heat…