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We present an approach to learning multi-sense word embeddings relying both on monolingual and bilingual information. Our model consists of an encoder, which uses monolingual and bilingual context (i.e. a parallel sentence) to choose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-03-31 Simon Šuster , Ivan Titov , Gertjan van Noord

Mitsch's natural partial order on the semigroup of binary relations is here characterised by equations in the theory of relation algebras. The natural partial order has a complex relationship with the compatible partial order of inclusion,…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2015-07-21 D. G. FitzGerald

Patterns are words with terminals and variables. The language of a pattern is the set of words obtained by uniformly substituting all variables with words that contain only terminals. In their original definition, patterns only allow for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Klaus Jansen , Dirk Nowotka , Lis Pirotton , Corinna Wambsganz , Max Wiedenhöft

Pretrained multilingual models exhibit the same social bias as models processing English texts. This systematic review analyzes emerging research that extends bias evaluation and mitigation approaches into multilingual and non-English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Lance Calvin Lim Gamboa , Yue Feng , Mark Lee

In order to use the Dual Simplex Method, one needs to prove a certain bijection between the dictionaries associated with the primal problem and those associated with its dual. We give a short conceptual proof of why this bijection exists.

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-05 Patrick T. Perkins , Xiang Gao

We investigate the quantifier alternation hierarchy in first-order logic on finite words. Levels in this hierarchy are defined by counting the number of quantifier alternations in formulas. We prove that one can decide membership of a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-04-29 Thomas Place , Marc Zeitoun

In many situations one encounters an entity that resembles a monoid. It consists of a carrier and two operations that resemble a unit and a multiplication, subject to three equations that resemble associativity and left and right unital…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-05 Paul Blain Levy , Morgan Rogers

Purpose: Terminology is the set of technical words or expressions used in specific contexts, which denotes the core concept in a formal discipline and is usually applied in the fields of machine translation, information retrieval,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-02-20 Chengzhi Zhang , Dan Wu

A special inverse monoid is one defined by a presentation where all the defining relations have the form $r = 1$. By a result of Ivanov Margolis and Meakin the word problem for such an inverse monoid can often be reduced to the word problem…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2024-12-05 Jonathan Warne

Word choice is dependent on the cultural context of writers and their subjects. Different words are used to describe similar actions, objects, and features based on factors such as class, race, gender, geography and political affinity.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Taylor Arnold , Lauren Tilton

We generalize the notion of identities among relations, well known for presentations of groups, to presentations of n-categories by polygraphs. To each polygraph, we associate a track n-category, generalizing the notion of crossed module…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2011-05-13 Yves Guiraud , Philippe Malbos

We transform the method of Glasson into a sufficient condition under which a monoid is non-finitely related, add a new member to the collection of interlocking word-patterns, and use it to show that the monoid $M(ab^2a, a^2b^2)$ is…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-23 Olga B. Sapir

Cross-lingual representations of words enable us to reason about word meaning in multilingual contexts and are a key facilitator of cross-lingual transfer when developing natural language processing models for low-resource languages. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Sebastian Ruder , Ivan Vulić , Anders Søgaard

A structure called a decision making problem is considered. The set of outcomes (consequences) is partially ordered according to the decision maker's preferences. The problem is how these preferences affect a decision maker to prefer one of…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Victor V. Rozen , Grigori Zhitomirski

In this work, we introduce a new notion for representing graph classes with formal languages. In contrast to the seminal work by Kitaev and Pyatkin to represent graphs by words, we use formal binary languages in order to have a set of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Henning Fernau , Pamela Fleischmann , Kevin Mann , Silas Cato Sacher

Waring problem for forms is important and classical in mathematics. It has been widely investigated because of its wide applications in several areas. In this paper, we consider the Waring problem for binary forms with complex coefficients.…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2019-01-25 Laura Brustenga i Moncusí , Shreedevi K. Masuti

Larrauri and \v{Z}ivn\'y [ICALP'25/ACM ToCL'24] recently established a complete complexity classification of the problem of solving a system of equations over a monoid $N$ assuming that a solution exists over a monoid $M$, where both…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Alberto Larrauri , Antoine Mottet , Stanislav Živný

There are several notions of duality between lines and points. In this note, it is shown that all these can be studied in a unified way. Most interesting properties are independent of specific choices. It is also shown that either dual…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Sanjeev Saxena

An interesting line of research in natural language processing (NLP) aims to incorporate linguistic typology to bridge linguistic diversity and assist the research of low-resource languages. While most works construct linguistic similarity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Haotian Ye , Yihong Liu , Hinrich Schütze

Selectional preference learning methods have usually focused on word-to-class relations, e.g., a verb selects as its subject a given nominal class. This papers extends previous statistical models to class-to-class preferences, and presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 E. Agirre , D. Martinez