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The best upper bound for the violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality was first derived by Tsirelson. For increasing number of $\pm 1$ valued observables on both sites of the correlation experiment, Tsirelson obtained…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Hoshang Heydari

In any Bell test, loopholes can cause issues in the interpretation of the results, since an apparent violation of the inequality may not correspond to a violation of local realism. An important example is the coincidence-time loophole that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-16 Jonathan Jogenfors , Jan-Åke Larsson

We estimate the probability of random $N$-qudit pure states violating full-correlation Bell inequalities with two dichotomic observables per site. These inequalities can show violations that grow exponentially with $N$, but we prove this is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-09-11 R. C. Drumond , R. I. Oliveira

Bell's theorem sets a boundary between the classical and quantum realms, by providing a strict proof of the existence of entangled quantum states with no classical counterpart. An experimental violation of Bell's inequality demands…

The `Schr\"odinger's cat' thought experiment highlights the counterintuitive facet of quantum theory that entanglement can exist between microscopic and macroscopic systems, producing a superposition of distinguishable states like the…

Bell correlations are usually formulated for an ideal spin singlet, for which the Bell--CHSH combination reaches the maximal quantum value \(B=-2\sqrt{2}\), independent of detector separation. Here we derive Bell correlations from a more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Ju Gao , Fang Shen

We develop a framework for certifying randomness from Bell-test trials based on directly estimating the probability of the measurement outcomes with adaptive test supermartingales. The number of trials need not be predetermined, and one can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-30 Emanuel Knill , Yanbao Zhang , Peter Bierhorst

We report on an experimental violation of the Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (Bell-CHSH) inequality using energy-time entangled photons. The experiment is not free of the locality and detection loopholes, but is the first violation of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-04-21 G. Lima , G. Vallone , A. Chiuri , A. Cabello , P. Mataloni

Superior computational power promised by quantum computers utilises the fundamental quantum mechanical principle of entanglement. However, achieving entanglement and verifying that the generated state does not follow the principle of local…

Bell inequalities play a central role in certifying quantum correlations and underpin protocols such as device-independent quantum key distribution. However, enumerating all Bell inequalities for a given scenario remains intractable beyond…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Christian Staufenbiel

We present a high-quality, bias-free quantum random number generator (QRNG) using photon arrival time selectively in accordance with the number of photon detection events within a sampling time interval in attenuated light. It is well…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-21 Jian-min Wang , Tian-yu Xie , Hong-fei Zhang , Dong-xu Yang , Chao Xie , Jian Wang

The generation of certifiable randomness is the most fundamental information-theoretic task that meaningfully separates quantum devices from their classical counterparts. We propose a protocol for exponential certified randomness expansion…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-14 Matthew Coudron , Jalex Stark , Thomas Vidick

Bell inequality experiments measure the correlation coefficients of two spatially separated systems. In an EPR setup, at one location Alice has $N_a\geq 2$ observables $A =\{\A_j\}_1^{N_a}$ while at a second remote location Bob has $N_b…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-09 T. A. Osborn , Adam Rogers

We apply a distance-based Bell-test analysis method [E. Knill et al., Phys. Rev. A. 91, 032105 (2015)] to three experimental data sets where conventional analyses failed or required additional assumptions. The first is produced from a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-28 B. G. Christensen , A. Hill , P. G. Kwiat , E. Knill , S. W. Nam , K. Coakley , S. Glancy , L. K. Shalm , Y. Zhang

Quantum technologies promise information processing and communication technology advancements, including random number generation (RNG). Using Bell inequalities, a user of a quantum RNG hardware can certify that the values provided by an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Robert Okuła , Piotr Mironowicz

Fast secure random number generation is essential for high-speed encrypted communication, and is the backbone of information security. Generation of truly random numbers depends on the intrinsic randomness of the process used and is usually…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-15 Ben Haylock , Daniel Peace , Francesco Lenzini , Christian Weedbrook , Mirko Lobino

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) promise perfectly unpredictable random numbers. However, the security certification of the random numbers in form of a stochastic model often introduces assumptions that are either hardly justified…

We consider the generation of randomness based upon the observed violation of an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering inequality, known as one-sided device-independent randomness expansion. We show that in the simplest scenario --…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-04 Paul Skrzypczyk , Daniel Cavalcanti

Verifying the violation of Bell's inequality is one of the most representative methods to demonstrate that entangled photon pairs prepared in a quantum optics-based system exhibit quantum properties. While experiments on Bell inequality…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-01 Jin-Woo Kim , Suseong Lim , Heonoh Kim , June Koo Kevin Rhee

Randomness expansion where one generates a longer sequence of random numbers from a short one is viable in quantum mechanics but not allowed classically. Device-independent quantum randomness expansion provides a randomness resource of the…