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In this work, we aim to reconcile several apparently contradictory observations in market microstructure: is the famous "square-root law" of metaorder impact, which decays with time, compatible with the random-walk nature of prices and the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-03-05 Guillaume Maitrier , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

Using a large database of 8 million institutional trades executed in the U.S. equity market, we establish a clear crossover between a linear market impact regime and a square-root regime as a function of the volume of the order. Our…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-03-27 Frédéric Bucci , Michael Benzaquen , Fabrizio Lillo , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

Crowding is most likely an important factor in the deterioration of strategy performance, the increase of trading costs and the development of systemic risk. We study the imprints of \emph{crowding} on both anonymous market data and a large…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-01-14 Valerio Volpati , Michael Benzaquen , Zoltan Eisler , Iacopo Mastromatteo , Bence Toth , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

We show that filling an order with a large number of distinct counterparts incurs additional market impact, as opposed to filling the order with a small number of counterparts. For best execution, therefore, it may be beneficial to…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-12-21 Ilija I. Zovko

This article provides a simple explanation of the asymptotic concavity of the price impact of a meta-order via the microstructural properties of the market. This explanation is made more precise by a model in which the local relationship…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-12-15 Sergey Nadtochiy

We present a study of price impact in the over-the-counter credit index market, where no limit order book is used. Contracts are traded via dealers, that compete for the orders of clients. Despite this distinct microstructure, we…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2016-09-16 Zoltan Eisler , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

Understanding the impact of trades on prices is a crucial question for both academic research and industry practice. It is well established that impact follows a square-root impact as a function of traded volume. However, the microscopic…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-08-05 Guillaume Maitrier , Grégoire Loeper , Kiyoshi Kanazawa , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

In this paper, we assume that the permanent market impact of metaorders is linear and that the price is a martingale. Those two hypotheses enable us to derive the evolution of the price from the dynamics of the flow of market orders. For…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2014-02-07 Thibault Jaisson

The vast majority of market impact studies assess each product individually, and the interactions between the different order flows are disregarded. This strong approximation may lead to an underestimation of trading costs and possible…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2017-03-08 Michael Benzaquen , Iacopo Mastromatteo , Zoltan Eisler , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

This work extends and complements our previous theoretical paper on the subtle interplay between impact, order flow and volatility. In the present paper, we generate synthetic market data following the specification of that paper and show…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-09-08 Guillaume Maitrier , Grégoire Loeper , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

The goal of this paper is to disentangle the roles of volume and of participation rate in the price response of the market to a sequence of transactions. To do so, we are inspired the methodology introduced in arXiv:1402.1288,…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-12-01 Bruno Durin , Mathieu Rosenbaum , Grégoire Szymanski

We define what "Price Impact" means, and how it is measured and modelled in the recent literature. Although this notion seems to convey the idea of a forceful and intuitive mechanism, we discuss why things might not be that simple.…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2017-08-24 J. P. Bouchaud

How and why stock prices move is a centuries-old question still not answered conclusively. More recently, attention shifted to higher frequencies, where trades are processed piecewise across different timescales. Here we reveal that price…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2018-01-17 Felix Patzelt , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

Using more than 6.7 billions of trades, we explore how the tick-by-tick dynamics of limit order books depends on the aggregate actions of large investment funds on a much larger (quarterly) timescale. In particular, we find that the…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2018-03-23 Kevin Primicerio , Damien Challet

In this research, we have empirically investigated the key drivers affecting liquidity in equity markets. We illustrated how theoretical models, such as Kyle's model, of agents' interplay in the financial markets, are aligned with the…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-04-28 Anastasia Bugaenko

We present an experimental and simulated model of a multi-agent stock market driven by a double auction order matching mechanism. Studying the effect of cumulative information on the performance of traders, we find a non monotonic…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-13 Bence Toth , Enrico Scalas , Juergen Huber , Michael Kirchler

Devising models of the limit order book that realistically reproduce the market response to exogenous trades is extremely challenging and fundamental in order to test trading strategies. We propose a novel explainable model for small tick…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-03-24 Adele Ravagnani , Fabrizio Lillo

While the long-ranged correlation of market orders and their impact on prices has been relatively well studied in the literature, the corresponding studies of limit orders and cancellations are scarce. We provide here an empirical study of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2015-03-13 Zoltan Eisler , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud , Julien Kockelkoren

We propose a microstructural model for the order flow in financial markets that distinguishes between {\it core orders} and {\it reaction flow}, both modeled as Hawkes processes. This model has a natural scaling limit that reconciles a…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-03 Johannes Muhle-Karbe , Youssef Ouazzani Chahdi , Mathieu Rosenbaum , Grégoire Szymanski

In a financial exchange, market impact is a measure of the price change of an asset following a transaction. This is an important element of market microstructure, which determines the behaviour of the market following a trade. In this…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-05-15 Christopher J. Cho , Timothy J. Norman , Manuel Nunes