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This is an expository review paper elaborating on the proof of the martingale functional central limit theorem (FCLT). This paper also reviews tightness and stochastic boundedness, highlighting one-dimensional criteria for tightness used in…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-12-27 Ward Whitt

We provide a framework for empirical process theory of locally stationary processes using the functional dependence measure. Our results extend known results for stationary Markov chains and mixing sequences by another common possibility to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-20 Nathawut Phandoidaen , Stefan Richter

We obtain the law of large numbers (LLN) and the central limit theorem (CLT) for weakly dependent non-stationary arrays of random fields with asymptotically unbounded moments. The weak dependence condition for arrays of random fields is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-15 Yue Pan , Jiazhu Pan

In this paper, we develop a general law of large numbers and central limit theorem for cumulative reward processes associated with finite state Markov jump processes with non-stationary transition rates. Such models commonly arise in…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-10-15 Monte Fischer , Peter W. Glynn

We prove a Central Limit Theorem (CLT) in the non-commutative setting of random matrix products where the underlying process is driven by a subshift of finite type (SFT) with Markov measure. We use the martingale method introduced by Y.…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-06-30 Alex Furman , Robert Thijs Kozma

Motivated by random evolutions which do not start from equilibrium, in a recent work, Peligrad and Voln\'{y} (2018) showed that the quenched CLT (central limit theorem) holds for ortho-martingale random fields. In this paper, we study the…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-09-12 Na Zhang , Lucas Reding , Magda Peligrad

In this paper we study the central limit theorem for additive functionals of stationary Markov chains with general state space by using a new idea involving conditioning with respect to both the past and future of the chain. Practically, we…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-05-19 Magda Peligrad

We establish a central limit theorem and an invariance principle for stationary random fields, with projective-type conditions. Our result is obtained via an m-dependent approximation method. As applications, we establish invariance…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-04-12 Yizao Wang , Michael Woodroofe

The purpose of this paper is to provide a first class of explicit sufficient conditions for the central limit theorem and related results in the setup of non-uniformly (partially) expanding non iid random transformations, considered as…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-07-25 Yeor Hafouta

Recent work in dynamic causal inference introduced a class of discrete-time stochastic processes that generalize martingale difference sequences and arrays as follows: the random variates in each sequence have expectation zero given certain…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-05 Walter Dempsey , Easton Huch

We consider asymptotic behavior of Fourier transforms of stationary ergodic sequences with finite second moments. We establish a central limit theorem (CLT) for almost all frequencies and also an annealed CLT. The theorems hold for all…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-11-08 Magda Peligrad , Wei Biao Wu

We establish the central limit theorem for linear processes with dependent innovations including martingales and mixingale type of assumptions as defined in McLeish [Ann. Probab. 5 (1977) 616--621] and motivated by Gordin [Soviet Math.…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Magda Peligrad , Sergey Utev

We propose a new weak convergence theorem for martingales, under gentler conditions than the usual convergence in probability of the sequence of associated quadratic variations. Its proof requires the combined use of Skorohod's…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-06-30 Bruno Rémillard , Jean Vaillancourt

Approximations to sums of stationary and ergodic sequences by martingales are investigated. Necessary and sufficient conditions for such sums to be asymptotically normal conditionally given the past up to time 0 are obtained. It is first…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Wei Biao Wu , Michael Woodroofe

We provide complementary results for a family of models with dependence on their previous $k$-sum. Using a martingale-based approach, we establish a functional central limit theorem and analyze the limiting behavior of the center of mass.…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-06-17 Víctor Hugo Vázquez Guevara , Manuel González-Navarrete

We present a general functional central limit theorem started at a point also known under the name of quenched. As a consequence, we point out several new classes of stationary processes, defined via projection conditions, which satisfy…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-01-19 David Barrera , Costel Peligrad , Magda Peligrad

We consider "randomized" statistics constructed by using a finite number of observations a random field at randomly chosen points. We generalize the invariance principle (the functional CLT), the Glivenko--Cantelli theorem, the theorem…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-07-19 Youri Davydov , Arkady Tempelman

We study dynamical systems arising as time-dependent compositions of Pomeau-Manneville-type intermittent maps. We establish central limit theorems for appropriately scaled and centered Birkhoff-like partial sums, with estimates on the rate…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-01-14 Olli Hella , Juho Leppänen

In unsupervised causal representation learning for sequential data with time-delayed latent causal influences, strong identifiability results for the disentanglement of causally-related latent variables have been established in stationary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Xiangchen Song , Weiran Yao , Yewen Fan , Xinshuai Dong , Guangyi Chen , Juan Carlos Niebles , Eric Xing , Kun Zhang

We establish a multivariate empirical process central limit theorem for stationary $\R^d$-valued stochastic processes $(X_i)_{i\geq 1}$ under very weak conditions concerning the dependence structure of the process. As an application we can…

Probability · Mathematics 2011-01-28 Herold Dehling , Olivier Durieu